Compassion Training and Mindfulness Training for Social Well-Being and Mental Health

The UCLA LS-SF is a 10-item short-form to measure an individual's subjective feelings of loneliness and feelings of social isolation. Participants rate each item on a four-point scale ranging from 1 (I never feel this way) to 4 (I often feel this way).

The UCLA LS-SF will be used as one measure out of three that will be aggregated into a single Social Well-Being Index (SWI) using latent variable modeling.

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The 20-items SCS-R captures students' experience of closeness with others and maintaining and seeking connections. Sample items include "I am able to connect with other people," and "I am able to relate to my peers" "I see myself as a loner" and "I feel like an outsider." Items are rated on a six-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 = "Strongly disagree" to 6 = "Strongly agree."

The SCS-R will be used as one measure out of three that will be aggregated into a single Social Well-Being Index (SWI) using latent variable modeling.

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The MOS-SSS will be administered to measure perceived social support among college students (dropping the tangible support subscale due to lack of population relevance). Participants indicate their perceived level of current social support using a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (None of the time) to 5 (All of the time).

The MOS-SSS will be used as one measure out of three that will be aggregated into a single Social Well-Being Index (SWI) using latent variable modeling.

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The 14-item PSS measures the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. Respondents report how frequently they feel stress or have difficulty coping with life stresses. Items include questions that ask about the frequency of negative experiences (e.g., "In the last week, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?") and positive experiences (e.g., "In the last week, how often have you felt that things were going your way?"). Responses range from 0 = never to 4 = very often.

The PSS will be used as one measure of three that will be aggregated into a single Negative Mental Health Index (NMHI) using latent variable modeling.

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The PROMIS-A-SF is an 8-item measure to assess symptoms of anxiety among adults. The PROMIS anxiety items focus on fear and hyperarousal. The items in the PROMIS negative affect bank use a 7-day time frame and a five-point rating scale ranging from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always).

The PROMIS-A-SF will be used as one measure of three that will be aggregated into a single Negative Mental Health Index (NMHI) using latent variable modeling.

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The PROMIS-D-SF is an 8-item measure to assess symptoms of depression among adults. The PROMIS depression items focus on affective and cognitive manifestations of depression. The items in the PROMIS negative affect bank use a 7-day time frame and a five-point rating scale ranging from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always).

The PROMIS-D-SF will be used as one measure of three that will be aggregated into a single Negative Mental Health Index (NMHI) using latent variable modeling.

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The SHS is a 4-item scale that assesses global subjective happiness. One item asks respondents to characterize themselves on happiness using absolute ratings (1 = not a very happy person to 7 = a very happy person). Another item asks respondents to provide ratings of their happiness relative to their peers (1 = less happy to 7 = more happy). The final two items offer brief descriptions of happy and unhappy individuals and ask respondents the extent to which each characterization describes them (1 = not at all to 7 = a great deal). The 4 items are averaged with higher scores reflecting greater happiness (total score range: 1 = not at all happy to 7 = very happy).

The SHS will be used as one measure of three that will be aggregated into a single Positive Mental Health Index (PMHI) using latent variable modeling.

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The Positive Emotions subscale of the Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) measures the frequency one experiences 10 positive emotion word triads (e.g., 'serene-content-peaceful' and 'grateful-appreciative-thankful') 'over the past 2 weeks.' A composite score for positive emotions is created by averaging across the 10 positive emotion word triad items. Responses are made on a 5-point scale: 0 = never; 1 = rarely; 2 = some of the time; 3 = often; 4 = most of the time.

The Positive Emotions subscale of the mDES will be used as one measure of three that will be aggregated into a single Positive Mental Health Index (PMHI) using latent variable modeling.

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Meaning and Purpose Scale Short-Form (PROMIS-MP-SF) is comprised of four items. These four items are averaged to create a meaning and purpose mean score. The items are rated on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much).

The PROMIS-MP-SF will be used as one measure of three that will be aggregated into a single Positive Mental Health Index (PMHI) using latent variable modeling.

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The 26-item SCS assesses six aspects of Self-Compassion: Self-Kindness, Self-Judgment, Common Humanity, Isolation, Mindfulness, and Over-Identification. Responses are given on a five-point scale from 1 = "Almost Never" to 5 = "Almost Always."

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The SOCS-O is a validated 20-item self-report measure that assesses compassion for others based on five empirically supported elements: a) recognizing suffering; b) understanding the universality of suffering, c) feeling for the person suffering, d) tolerating uncomfortable feelings, and e) motivation to act/acting to alleviate suffering. Participants are asked how true each statement is, and responses are given on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (Not at all true) to 5 (Always true).

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The FFMQ-SF 24-item scale assesses five facets of a general tendency to be mindful in daily life: observing, describing, acting with awareness, nonreactivity to inner experience, and nonjudging of inner experience. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (never or very rarely true) to 5 (very often or always true).

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) will be used to assess the strategies participants use to regulate their emotions. This measure includes 36 items that are rated on a scale from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always). This scale assesses multiple emotion regulation strategies, including 'maladaptive' emotion regulation strategies (e.g., rumination, catastrophizing) and 'adaptive' emotion regulation strategies (e.g., acceptance, positive reappraisal).

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The Affective Experiences Scale (AES) assesses a wide range of positive and negative affective states using 48 single emotion word adjectives. The 48 items are aggregated into 16 three-item emotion word factors that assess affective experience (e.g., Pride = proud, accomplished, successful and Boredom = bored, disconnected, disengaged). Responses range from 1 = none of the time to 5 = all of the time.

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

The Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale (TSDS) is a 21-item self-report scale that assesses anxiety-related trauma symptoms associated with experiences of discrimination. The TSDS is designed to assess lasting reactions to trauma from any kind of discrimination. Responses on the scale range from Never = 1 to Often = 4.

Change = (Week 10 Score - Baseline Score)

A single Daily Social Well-Being Index (D-SWI) will be created with items from three scales (i.e., the UCLA Loneliness Scale-Short Form, the Social Connectedness Scale-Revised, and the Medical Outcomes Survey-Social Support Survey) using latent variable modeling. The D-SWI score will be a latent factor score produced by factor analysis.

Using the daily diary method, assessments will occur daily from Baseline through Week 10.

Change = Latent growth curve (LGC) of Baseline through Week 10 Scores

A single Daily Positive Mental Health Index (D-PMHI) will be created with items from three scales (i.e., the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Modified Differential Emotions Scale-Positive Emotions Subscale, and the PROMIS Meaning and Purpose Scale) using latent variable modeling. The D-PMHI score will be a latent factor score produced by factor analysis.

Using the daily diary method, assessments will occur daily from Baseline through Week 10.

Change = Latent growth curve (LGC) of Baseline through Week 10 Scores

A single Daily Negative Mental Health Index (D-NMHI) will be created with items from three scales (i.e., the Perceived Stress Scale, the PROMIS Anxiety Scale-Short Form, and the PROMIS Depression Scale-Short Form) using latent variable modeling. The D-NMHI score will be a latent factor score produced by factor analysis.

Using the daily diary method, assessments will occur daily from Baseline through Week 10.

Change = Latent growth curve (LGC) of Baseline through Week 10 Scores

A single Peer-Rated Social Well-Being Index (P-SWI) with items from three scales (i.e., the UCLA Loneliness Scale-Short Form, the Social Connectedness Scale-Revised, and the Medical Outcomes Survey-Social Support Survey) using latent variable modeling. The P-SWI score will be a latent factor score produced by factor analysis.

Using the peer rating method, assessments will occur at Baseline and Week 10.

Change = (Week 10 Factor Score - Baseline Factor Score)

A single Peer-Rated Positive Mental Health Index (P-PMHI) will be created with items from three scales (i.e., the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Modified Differential Emotions Scale-Positive Emotions Subscale, and the PROMIS Meaning and Purpose Scale) using latent variable modeling. The P-PMHI score will be a latent factor score produced by factor analysis.

Using the peer rating method, assessments will occur at Baseline and Week 10.

Change = (Week 10 Factor Score - Baseline Factor Score)

A single Peer-Rated Negative Mental Health Index (P-NMHI) will be created with items from three scales (i.e., the Perceived Stress Scale, the PROMIS Anxiety Scale-Short Form, and the PROMIS Depression Scale-Short Form) using latent variable modeling. The P-NMHI score will be a latent factor score produced by factor analysis.

Using the peer rating method, assessments will occur at Baseline and Week 10.

Change = (Week 10 Factor Score - Baseline Factor Score)

A single Social Well-Being Index (SWI) will be created from three scales (i.e., the UCLA Loneliness Scale-Short Form, the Social Connectedness Scale-Revised, and the Medical Outcomes Survey-Social Support Survey) using latent variable modeling. The SWI score will be a latent factor score produced by factor analysis.

Assessments will occur at Baseline, Week 10, Week 14, and Week 22.

Change = Latent growth curve (LGC) of Baseline, Week 10, Week 14, and Week 22 Scores

A single Positive Mental Health Index (PMHI) will be created from three scales (i.e., the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Modified Differential Emotions Scale-Positive Emotions Subscale, and the PROMIS Meaning and Purpose Scale) using latent variable modeling. The PMHI score will be a latent factor score produced by factor analysis.

Assessments will occur at Baseline, Week 10, Week 14, and Week 22.

Change = Latent growth curve (LGC) of Baseline, Week 10, Week 14, and Week 22 Scores

A single Negative Mental Health Index (NMHI) will be created from three scales (i.e., the Perceived Stress Scale, the PROMIS Anxiety Scale-Short Form, and the PROMIS Depression Scale-Short Form) using latent variable modeling. The NMHI score will be a latent factor score produced by factor analysis.

Assessments will occur at Baseline, Week 10, Week 14, and Week 22.

Change = Latent growth curve (LGC) of Baseline, Week 10, Week 14, and Week 22 Scores