Comparison of ESP, SAP and SPSIP Blocks on VATS'

Patients were randomly allocated into three groups: ESPB, SAPB, and SPSIPB. All patients received postoperative paracetamol and dexketoprofen, and intravenous tramadol hydrochloride was administered via patient-controlled analgesia. Postoperative static and dynamic VAS scores, total tramadol consumption, side effects, and the need for additional analgesia were monitored and recorded at regular intervals. Primary outcome was VAS scores and secondary outcome was total tramadol consumption.

Block Techniques

All blocks were performed following surgical closure, prior to extubation, with the patient in lateral decubitus and the skin prepared with 10% povidone-iodine.

ESPB was performed in 15 patients. An ultrasound (USG) probe was placed in a sagittal orientation at the T5 level, 3 cm lateral to the midline, to visualize the transverse process. The trapezius, rhomboid major, and erector spinae muscles were identified. Using an in-plane technique, a needle was advanced cranio-caudally through these muscles until it reached the transverse process. After negative aspiration, 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was injected deep to the erector spinae muscle.

SAPB: The latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior muscles were identified at the midaxillary line at the 4th-5th rib level in a longitudinal parasagittal orientation. A needle was advanced from caudal to cranial using an in-plane approach, first targeting the plane between the latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior, and then deep to the serratus anterior. After negative aspiration, 10 mL was injected into the superficial plane and 20 mL into the deep plane, for a total of 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine.

SPSIPB: The USG probe was placed 2-3 cm medial to the scapular spine to visualize the trapezius, rhomboid major, and serratus posterior superior muscles. At the level of the 2nd-3rd ribs, a needle was advanced into the plane between the serratus posterior superior muscle and the rib. After confirming negative aspiration, 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine was injected.

All blocks were performed unilaterally, targeting the surgical hemithorax.

Postoperative Analgesia and Assessments

Twenty minutes before extubation, all patients received 1 g IV paracetamol and 50 mg IV dexketoprofen. In the recovery room, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with IV tramadol hydrochloride was initiated (4 mg/mL concentration, 10 mg bolus, 20-minute lockout, maximum 3 boluses/hour).

Postoperative VAS scores (static at rest and dynamic during movement or coughing) were recorded at 0, 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. The first VAS assessment (0 hour) was performed when the patient achieved an Aldrete score of 9. If VAS ≥ 4, an additional 1 g IV paracetamol (maximum 3 g/day) was administered. Additional analgesic consumption was recorded. Side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and pruritus were documented.

Inclusion criteria

• Forty-five adult patients scheduled for elective wedge resection or biopsy under VATS, classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III, were enrolled after providing written informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• ASA class IV or higher,
• morbid obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m²),
• body weight ≤ 50 kg,
• skin infection at the block site,
• refusal to participate,
• inability to cooperate during postoperative pain assessment,
• conversion to open surgery,
• preexisting pain,
• known allergy to any study medication,
• coagulopathy.