Comparative Effects of Calisthenic and Exercise Snack

The test measures the time required to stand up from a chair, walk 3 meters at a safe and comfortable speed, turn around, walk back, and sit down again. Shorter completion times indicate better balance and mobility performance.

The 30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test was used to assess lower extremity strength and endurance as indicators of functional performance in older adults. The number of complete sit-to-stand repetitions performed within 30 seconds was recorded as the test score

Participants were instructed to ascend and descend a staircase consisting of nine steps (16-20 cm in height) as quickly and safely as possible. Total completion time was recorded as the outcome measure.

The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) is an 8-item unidimensional instrument assessing positive feelings such as enjoyment and pleasure associated with physical activity. Responses are rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("strongly disagree") to 7 ("strongly agree"). Higher mean scores indicate greater enjoyment of physical activity.

Pain perceived during rest, walking, and stair ascent/descent was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The distance (mm) between the "no pain" anchor and the participant's mark on a 10-cm line was measured, yielding a score ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity.

The PDI consists of seven items evaluating the impact of pain on daily functional activities. Participants rate each item on a scale from 0 to 10. Total scores range from 0 to 70, with scores ≥40 indicating high disability. Higher scores reflect greater disability severity.

The MFES is based on a visual analog scale assessing confidence in performing daily activities without falling. Participants rate their confidence for each activity on a scale ranging from 0 (no confidence) to 10 (complete confidence). The total score is divided by 14 to obtain the final score. Higher scores indicate lower fall risk, whereas lower scores indicate greater fall risk.

The HPLP-OA was developed to evaluate health-promoting behaviors in adults aged 65 years and older. The scale consists of 22 items scored on a 4-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 22 to 88, with higher scores indicating greater frequency of health-promoting behaviors.

The IPAQ assesses time spent in physical activities during the previous week, including sitting, walking, moderate-intensity activity, and vigorous-intensity activity. Scores are calculated as MET-minutes/week by multiplying duration, frequency, and metabolic equivalent (MET) values.

The WHOQOL-OLD module consists of 24 items across six domains, rated using a 5-point Likert scale. Subscale scores range from 4 to 20, and a total score can also be calculated by summing domain scores. Higher scores indicate better quality of life.