Community Dance Program (CDP) for Older Adults

Blood pressure readings will be measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure values will be recorded before versus after the research intervention to investigate for any significant changes.

BMI was obtained from each participant by measuring his/her height in units of meters and weight in units of kilograms, followed by this formula: kg/m^2. BMI values will be recorded before versus after the research intervention to investigate for any significant changes.

Waist and hip circumferences of each participant will be obtained in units of centimeters (cm). These values will be recorded before versus after the research intervention to investigate for any significant changes.

SPPB is a comprehensive instrument that can be used to measure balance, mobility, and muscle strength in older adults. It consists of balance tests (i.e., side-by-side stand, semi-tandem stand, tandem stand), gait speed tests, and chair stand tests. All values will be recorded in units of seconds and consolidated into the corresponding sum of scores upon successful completion of each test. Higher SPPB scores indicate greater physical capabilities.

Subjective Happiness Scale using a "subjectivist" approach to the assessment of happiness, a 4-item measure of global subjective happiness was developed and validated in 14 studies with a total of 2732 participants (Lyubomirsky & Lepper,1999). A 7-point Likert scale (1 = less happy to 7 = more happy) was used, with higher scores indicating higher subjective happiness.

MoCA was designed as a screening instrument for mild cognitive dysfunction. It assesses various cognitive domains including attention, concentration, executive function, memory, language, visuospatial, and arithmetic skills. The total possible score is 30 points, with the cutoff score of this research study being 16 points. Participants who scored below 16 points will not be included in the research study. A lower MoCA score indicates greater cognitive dysfunction.

SDMT is a screening measure for cerebral dysfunction in adults. A coding key is presented consisting of nine abstract symbols, each paired with a number. The participant is required to scan through the coding key and write down the number corresponding to each symbol, as rapidly as possible. The number of correct answers within the 90-second interval is recorded. The maximum score is 110, with lower scores suggesting cerebral dysfunction.

This scale is also known as "Eight-item Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia". The participant was asked to rate changes in his/her ability for each of the items, without attributing causability. The final score is computed by consolidating the sum of the items marked with a change due to cognitive problems, with higher scores indicating higher impairment in cognition.

WHOQOL-AGE is a self-reported questionnaire that was designed specifically to measure quality of life (QoL) in the older adult population (Caballero et al., 2013). It consists of 13 items which are selected from the other versions of WHOQOL instruments (5 items from WHOQOL-OLD and 8 items from EUROHIS-QOL). The items were assessed on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied), with higher scores suggesting higher QoL. WHOQOL-AGE has been evaluated and has shown good reliability and validity (Santos et al., 2018).

DNA Methylation (DNAm) Testing was conducted by collecting the participants' saliva into a 5 mL polypropylene tube. The participants were instructed to let saliva collect in their mouth and gently push the saliva into a short section of common drinking straw into the tube. Saliva samples were aliquoted into 2 mL polypropylene cryovials, with colour coded lids. De-identified samples will be stored at -80 degrees C. De-identified saliva samples were sent to Muhdo Health Pte Ltd, a UK-based epigenetics testing company for DNA extraction and whole epigenome sequencing, in which the results were shared to the research team.

MOXY Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Measurement of muscle oxygenation was conducted by attaching a near-infrared spectroscopy probe (Moxy Monitor) on the belly of the vastus lateralis (quadriceps) muscle, midway between the lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter of the femur (DeLorey et al., 2004). This was performed to measure relative muscle oxygenation level before, during contraction, and for up to 1 hour post-exercise. The device measured muscle O2 saturation (SmO2) every 2 seconds throughout the trial, and has been validated and described in detail in a study by Crum et al. (2017). For the present study, the probe was placed on the participant's quadriceps muscle during the SPPB.

Global Perceptions of Intergenerational Communication Scale (GPIC) was developed by McCann & Giles (2007) to measure perceptions of intergenerational communicative experiences. It consists of 25 items rated on a 5-point scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree). The first 14 items of the scale assess perceptions of others' communication while the remaining 11 items assess perceptions of one's own communication.

Social Support Questionnaire 6 items (SSQ6) was developed by Sarason and colleagues (Sarason, Sarason, Shearin & Pierce,1987). It is used to measure the number of person providing support to an individual and the satisfaction level of the individual who received the support. The scale consists of 6 items. Rating of the items is from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 6 (very satisfied). With excellent Cronbach alphas of 0.90 and 0.93 for 2 respective domains, the scale has been proved to be valid and reliable.

Social-demographic data including age, gender, ethnicity, religion, marital status, employment status, education, social-economic status, source of financial support, household type/ownership, living arrangement and number of children will be collected.