Co-induction Technique Compared to Standard Inhalational and Intravenous Induction Techniques

Co-induction technique refers to the use of a combination of medications to reach the desired therapeutic target. This technique is considered an approach that can be of a great benefit to patients with chronic medical illnesses and those who have moderate to high risk for general anaesthesia.

In the present study, the investigators examined the safety of a novel co-induction approach that relied on a simple timing and dosing alterations to the classical approaches of inhalational sevoflurane and propofol induction. The significance of this study is to find a reliable safe alternative method of induction that can provide optimal parameters,when compared to the classical methods of induction. The investigators evaluated the time needed for laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion, number of LMA insertion trials, succession of LMA insertion, adverse events related to the airway, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, haemodynamic stability and satisfaction scores of enrolled patients.

Inclusion criteria

• patients with Age ≥ 65 years.
• American Society of Anaesthesiologists' (ASA) score II or III.
• minimally invasive endoscopic urological procedures.

Exclusion criteria

• patient refusal.
• Age < 65 years.
• family history of malignant hyperthermia.
• prolonged surgery that needed intubation.
• body mass index (BMI) > 35 kg/m2.