Cannabidiol After Multi-Trauma for Pain and Opioid Therapy

VAS pain intensity will be collected at baseline (before the start of treatment), twice a week during treatment, 24 hours after the end of treatment and at the 3-month follow-up. The VAS is a 100 mm line with anchor words ranging from "no pain" to "worst pain imaginable". Participants will be asked to place an intersecting mark along the line to indicate their pain intensity at the specific time of the test.

The response rate was defined as the number of participants with a 50 percent or greater reduction in VAS pain score from baseline to end of treatment. The VAS is a 100 mm line with anchor words ranging from "no pain" to "worst pain imaginable".

The Brief Pain Inventory short form (BPI-sf) is a 9-item self-reported questionnaire assessing for the presence, intensity, and location(s) of pain, as well as perceived efficacy of pain relief treatment, and pain interference with activities of daily living. Item scores range from 0-10. The lower the score, the better the subject's pain.

Blood levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukins (IL-6, IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) will be collected and quantified.

Opioid usage will be collected from daily medication diary for the first month and from number of prescription refills for months 2 and 3.

The SMFA consists of 34 questions covering the assessment of the patients function and 12 questions related to how bothered patients are by their symptoms. All categories are scored together, totaling between 0-100 percent. The lower the score, the better the subject's function.

The SF-36 is a 36-item self-report questionnaire for measuring quality of life across 9 domains. Scores range from 0-100, the lower the score, the worse is the subject's quality of life.

A self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality and quantity during the past 4 weeks. The PSQI contains 19 self-rated questions which measures seven aspects of sleep: (1) subjective sleep quality, (2) sleep latency, (3) sleep duration, (4) habitual sleep efficiency, (5) sleep disturbances, (6) use of sleeping medication, and (7) daytime dysfunction. The 19 self-rated items are combined to form seven component scores, each of which has a range of 0-3 points (0 indicates no difficulty, while 3 indicates severe difficulty). The seven component scores are then summed to yield one global score, with a range of 0-21 points (0 indicating no difficulty, and 21 indicating severe difficulties in all the seven areas of sleep quality).

A 21-item multiple-choice self-report questionnaire for measuring depression symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores representing more severe symptoms of depression.

A 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory used for measuring the severity of anxiety symptoms. Score range from 0 to 63. Higher scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms.

A neuropsychological test highly sensitive to both mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and pain and which do not require the use of injured limbs will be administered. Symbol Search from the WAIS-IV Battery, a tasks assessing speed of information processing, will be administered. Scaled Score range from 0 to 19. Higher scores indicate better processing speed.

A neuropsychological test highly sensitive to both mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and pain and which do not require the use of injured limbs will be administered. Elevator counting with distraction from the Test of Everyday Attention Battery, a tasks assessing attention, will be administered. Scaled Score range from 0 to 19. Higher scores indicate better attention.

A neuropsychological test highly sensitive to both mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and pain and which do not require the use of injured limbs will be administered. Elevator counting from the Test of Everyday Attention Battery, a tasks assessing attention, will be administered. Scaled Score range from 0 to 19. Higher scores indicate better attention.

A neuropsychological test highly sensitive to both mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and pain and which do not require the use of injured limbs will be administered. The California Verbal Learning Test, a tasks assessing memory, will be administered. Standard Score range from -5 to 5. Higher scores indicate better memory.

A neuropsychological test highly sensitive to both mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and pain and which do not require the use of injured limbs will be administered. Digit Span from the WAIS-IV Battery, a tasks assessing memory, will be administered. Scaled Score range from 0 to 19. Higher scores indicate better memory.

A neuropsychological test highly sensitive to both mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and pain and which do not require the use of injured limbs will be administered. The D-KEFS Color-Word, a tasks assessing executive function, will be administered. Scaled Score range from 1 to 19. Higher scores indicate better executive function.

A neuropsychological test highly sensitive to both mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and pain and which do not require the use of injured limbs will be administered. The D-KEFS Verbal Fluency, a tasks assessing executive function, will be administered. Scaled Score range from 1 to 19. Higher scores indicate better executive function.

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale is a 15-item self-report questionnaire assessed with Likert Scales. The overall score has a range of 0-52, with higher scores representing more severe symptoms.

Only for participants diagnosed with mTBI related to the injury. The RPQ has a total possible score of 0-52, with higher scores indicative of worse outcomes.

The Treatment Expectation Questionnaire is a 15-item questionnaire assessing the level of expectation towards treatment. The scale of the items ranges from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate higher expectations.

The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) is a 20-item self-report measure of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) symptoms of PTSD. Scores range from 0 to 80, with higher scores representing more severe symptoms of PTSD.