Butorphanol for Pain Relief After Cesarean Section: A Retrospective Study

This study explored the association between postoperative functional recovery and the formula of analgesic pumps as well as other related factors (such as age, intraoperative blood loss, operation duration, etc.) by retrospectively analyzing the clinical data of patients undergoing cesarean section in the main campus and branches of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from September 2024 to June 2025. The value of this study lies in: 1) providing a basis for optimizing the postoperative analgesia plan after cesarean section. 2) To provide references for the formulation of personalized analgesia strategies in clinical practice, improve the postoperative recovery quality of patients, promote the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery, and reduce the medical burden.

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Key information

Conditions

Caesarean Section

Age range

18 year–55 year

Sex eligibility

Female

Study type

Observational

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Age 18-55 years
ASAI-III level
Scheduled or emergency cesarean section
Postoperative use of analgesic pump (formulation includes buprenorphine or tramadol or hydromorphone, etc.)
Complete electronic medical records

Exclusion criteria

Postoperative analgesia pump usage time is less than 24 hours
Missing key information such as follow-up status in medical records

Treatment and study plan

An postoperative analgesic pump was used

Drug

The drugs in the analgesic pump include butorphanol, hydromorphone, tramadol, and other medications.

Primary outcomes

Pain Score

Time frame: 2 days post-surgery

The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is primarily used, where 1 represents no pain (best outcome) and 10 represents the worst pain (worst outcome); other scales may be used if necessary.
Postoperative functional recovery status

Time frame: 2 days post-surgery

Postoperative functional recovery status mainly includes: the time of first passage of gas, the time of first ambulation, the time of first catheter removal, and the recovery of limb muscle strength. The passage of gas, ambulation, and catheter removal times are self-reported by the patients, recording the days after surgery when the events occurred. The recovery of limb muscle strength is classified into six levels, ranging from 0 to 5, where 0 indicates no detectable muscle contraction (worst outcome) and 5 indicates normal muscle strength (best outcome).
Sedation score

Time frame: 2 days post-surgery

The sedation score uses a scale from -5 to +4, where -5 is defined as coma (one of the worst outcomes); -4 is defined as severe sedation (responds to physical stimulation); -3 is moderate sedation (no response to auditory stimulation); -2 is mild sedation (unable to maintain alertness for more than 10 seconds); -1 is drowsiness (not fully awake but can stay awake for more than 10 seconds); 0 is the awake natural state (best outcome); +1 is restlessness and anxiety (anxious and tense, but only slight body movement); +2 is agitation and anxiety (intense body movement); +3 is very agitated (trying to remove body tubes); +4 is aggressive (violent behavior) (one of the worst outcomes).

Secondary outcomes

Overall patient satisfaction rating

Time frame: 2 days post-surgery

Patient overall satisfaction is self-reported, with a score range from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the least satisfied (worst outcome) and 100 represents the most satisfied (best outcome).
Nausea and vomiting

Time frame: 2 days post-surgery

Self-reported by the patient, with '1' indicating occurrence (worst outcome) and '0' indicating non-occurrence (best outcome).
Adverse reactions

Time frame: 2 days post-surgery

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital

Other

Registry information

Official study title

The Application of Butorphanol in Postoperative Analgesia Management After Cesarean Section: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Important dates

Study start: 2025
Primary completion: 2025
Study completion: 2026
First posted: Sep 16, 2025
Registry last updated: Sep 16, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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