Biomarkers to Classify Heart Failure

This is a cohort study consisting of 2 patient cohorts. The first cohort will be studied retrospectively, using existing blood samples from different biobanks. Biomarkers will be measured and matched with the etiology of previously diagnosed heart failure by a biomarker panel of heart failure experts. This cohort consists of 100 patients each with (1) ischemic cardiomyopathy, (2) dilated cardiomyopathy and (3) diastolic heart failure. Blood samples will be analyzed for novel biomarkers. Investigators will be seeking biomarker candidate(s) alone or in combination which can predict each category of heart failure etiology with over 85% accuracy and the lowest levels of reclassification. A panel of heart failure experts will be assembled, and the appropriate cut-off values determined. Once this goal has been achieved, the prospective study will go ahead.

In the second cohort, biomarkers will be measured and used to diagnose the etiology of heart failure for each subject. This diagnosis will then be compared to the diagnosis from results of the usual diagnostic tests. Investigators will recruit 450 patients admitted to hospital or outpatient clinics with recently diagnosed heart failure (<2 years) and test for different biomarkers. Using the biomarker values, investigators will predict their heart failure etiology in an objective manner. The patients will then undergo definitive etiological workup as usual to establish the actual etiology of the heart failure. The duration of a typical etiological workup is about 3 days for hospitalized patients and up to 8 weeks for patients admitted to outpatient clinics. The predictive accuracy of the new heart failure panel will be compared to clinical assessment.

Investigators will perform cost-modeling in terms of the potential savings in avoiding unnecessary coronary angiographies or perfusion scans in a typical mixed cohort of heart failure patients based on the marker determined etiology.

A group of healthy volunteers will be added. This group will serve as age matched controls to the prospective cohort of heart failure patients.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients admitted with symptomatic heart failure, diagnosed within 2 years.
• Diagnosis of congestive heart failure using the modified Framingham criteria:

Simultaneous presence of at least 2 major criteria or 1 major criterion in conjunction with 2 minor criteria or a previous clear diagnosis of heart failure.

Major criteria:

• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or orthopnea
• Neck vein distention
• Rales/Crackles (>10 cm from base of lungs)
• Acute pulmonary edema
• S3 gallop
• Increased central venous pressure (>16 cm H2O at right atrium)
• Hepatojugular reflux
• Weight loss >4.5 kg in 5 days in response to treatment Echocardiographic left ventricular dysfunction

Minor criteria:

• Bilateral ankle edema
• Nocturnal cough
• Dyspnea on exertion
• Hepatomegaly
• Pleural effusion
• Weight loss >4.5 kg caused by heart failure where factors other than treatment of CHF could have contributed to the weight loss
• Tachycardia (heart rate >120 beats/min) Minor criteria are acceptable only if they cannot be attributed to another medical condition (such as pulmonary hypertension, chronic lung disease, cirrhosis, ascites, or the nephrotic syndrome).

Exclusion criteria

• Patients unable to provide blood sample
• Patients unable to provide consent
• Patient with life expectancy of less than 6 months, or has major co-morbidities.
• Any other significant disease or disorder which, in the opinion of the Investigator, may either put the participants at risk because of participation in the trial, or may influence the result of the trial, or the participant's ability to participate in the trial.
• Participants who have participated in another research trial involving an investigational product in the past 30 days.