Bioavailability Trial

The occurrence of PA and carotenoids in carrot is not a guaranteed that they have potential health benefits and biological activity in humans, as there is still insufficient knowledge as to whether they can be absorbed in human bio-fluids (blood, urine and faeces) after the food (carrot) is consumed in the literature. The bioavailability of compounds depends upon both the chemical forms and physical structures which enable a certain proportion of such compounds into circulation when introduced into the body and so are able to have an active effect.

The main goal of this trial is to investigate determine the fate of (PAs and carotenoids) found in carrots human plasma, urine and faeces.

To achieve this goal, health adult volunteers will be instructed to restrict their diet (To avoid eating food that contain the compounds of interest) for 48hrs and complete 24hr food diary.

They will fast overnight and collect urine and faecal samples on the morning of the test session. Once they arrive in the research facility, they will have fasted blood taken before eating a portion of carrots (either 100 or 300g) with bread and butter. Further blood samples will be taken at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours. Urine sample will be collected at 4, 8, 12 and 24hr and up to 48hr after the carrot consumption, and faecal samples will be collected at any time the participants feel bowel movement during the study duration up to 48hr, noting the time when each sample was generated.

The participants will attend two test sessions and will be randomised to receive high (300g) and normal (100g) doses of carrot. The washout period separating the two testing sessions is at least a week.

The specific compounds of interest in this trial include PA (falcarinol, falcarindiol, and falcarindiol 3-acetate), carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein) and their concentrations at various time points after consumption and baseline will be measured using HPLC (for carotenoids) and LC-MS (for PA). The concentrations of the compounds at time points after ingestion will be compared with the baseline and also in relation to, normal and high carrot doses.

Inclusion criteria

• Healthy adults 20+ years old.
• Having body mass index (BMI) between ≥18.5 - ≤30 kg/m2.
• Must be willing to eat a portion (100g) of carrot in the test session 1, alongside 2 slices of bread with 10g butter.
• Must be willing to eat a portion (300g) of carrot in the test session 2, alongside 2 slices of bread with 10g butter.

Exclusion criteria

• Having any metabolic or gastrointestinal conditions.
• Having allergies to carrot or bread or butter.
• Taking any medication that affects metabolism or digestion.
• Smokers.