Association of Mood With Risk for Atherosclerosis

This will be determined from Pulse wave velocity (m/sec) done at the study visit

The Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index will be determined from data obtained from vascular measures and during 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Arterial stiffness increases as the regression slope approaches 0 and the AASI approaches 1.

The Augmentation Index (measured as a percentage) will be determined from a vascular assessment and data obtained during 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A greater Augmentation Index represents a stiffer, less compliant vessel.

The percent change in mean blood flow will be determined from Laser Doppler flow perfusion measurements obtained using a heating protocol.

Mean daytime systolic blood pressure in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) will be determined from 24-hour blood pressure monitoring.

The Pediatric ACEs questionnaire contains 17 yes or no questions about stressful or traumatic life events. Greater exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is associated with poorer physical and mental health. Some researchers have suggested that an ACEs score of greater than or equal to 3 or 4 significantly increases the risk for health problems, however, there is no widely accepted threshold for how many ACEs endorsed is clinically significant or more predictive of these problems.

The Children's Emotional management scale is a questionnaire that consists of 33 questions (3 point Likert scale) examining youth's ability to regulate appropriately the youth's negative emotions (i.e. anger, sadness, and worry). Generally, poorer emotion regulation capabilities are associated with poorer health outcomes, with most research looking at CV outcomes in adults.

The Behavior Assessment for Children is a questionnaire that consists of 189 questions (True/False and 4 point Likert scale). It is a broad behavioral screening measure commonly used in child and adolescent psychology and psychiatric settings.It has three primary scales: internalizing (e.g., depression, anxiety), externalizing (e.g., aggression, hyperactivity), and total problems (combination of internalizing and externalizing plus attention problems and withdrawal subscales). Scores between 60-69 are considered "at risk" for clinical problems and scores of 70+ are considered clinically significant presence of those symptoms. Any scores that are not in this range are considered to be within normal limits and not indicative of difficulties.