Application of Quantitative Hemorrhage Detection in Fetomaternal Hemorrhage Syndrome for the Diagnosis of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

Inclusion criteria

• Gestational Age: Singleton pregnant women with gestational age ≥ 20 weeks.
• Clinical High-Risk Factors (meeting at least one of the following criteria):
• Traumatic Factors: Abdominal trauma (e.g., traffic accident, fall), intrauterine fetal version, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS).
• Obstetric Complications: Placental abruption, placenta previa, preeclampsia, unexplained antenatal hemorrhage, post-interventional therapy for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).
• Fetal Abnormalities: Fetal growth restriction (FGR), unexplained abnormal fetal heart rate monitoring, fetal hydrops, fetal anemia (elevated middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV) detected by Doppler ultrasound).
• High-Risk Population with Maternal-Fetal Blood Group Incompatibility: Maternal-fetal ABO or Rh-negative blood group incompatibility; positive result of the first-trimester antenatal antibody screening in pregnant women.

Exclusion criteria

• Pregnant women complicated with severe hematological diseases (e.g., coagulation disorders, immune thrombocytopenic purpura) or autoimmune diseases.
• Newborns who withdrew treatment for non-study-related reasons or were lost to follow-up after birth, resulting in missing outcome data.
• Termination of pregnancy due to various causes.
• Failure to complete the analysis due to unqualified core clinical data (e.g., quantitative hemorrhage test results, bilirubin levels) or unsatisfactory specimens (hemolysis, insufficient volume).