An International Survey on the Use of NIV Outside the ICU

BACKGROUND Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has been an essential tool in respiratory care since its introduction and remains a cornerstone in managing respiratory failure. Evidence-based guidelines recommend NIV as the first-line treatment for acute episodes in four key conditions: COPD exacerbations, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised patients, and as a weaning strategy for COPD patients post-extubation [1]. Over the years, NIV has been widely adopted for managing acute respiratory failure across various conditions [2]. It is an effective alternative to invasive mechanical ventilation, helping to prevent intubation and reducing the risk of reintubation after extubation. While traditionally used in intensive care units (ICUs), its application has expanded beyond the ICU to settings such as emergency departments, general wards, high-dependency units (HDUs), and long-term care facilities [3]. Early initiation of NIV has been shown to reduce the need for intubation, lower mortality rates in acute COPD exacerbations, and decrease both hospital costs and length of stay [4]. Despite these benefits, several challenges persist, including inconsistencies in clinical protocols, inadequate staff training, and disparities in resource availability across healthcare systems. Additionally, there is a significant gap in comprehensive global data on NIV use and patient outcomes in non-ICU settings [5]. Understanding the international landscape of NIV implementation, including current practices, protocols, and barriers, is essential for optimizing patient care and establishing standardized guidelines. The NIV-Safety Study aims to bridge this gap by evaluating the prevalence of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) use outside the intensive care unit (ICU), global trends, indications, and challenges associated with NIV use outside the ICU.

RATIONALE FOR CURRENT STUDY:

Early initiation of NIV has been shown to reduce the need for intubation, lower mortality rates in acute COPD exacerbations, and decrease both hospital costs and length of stay [4]. While traditionally used in intensive care units (ICUs), its application has expanded beyond the ICU to settings such as emergency departments, general wards, high-dependency units (HDUs), and long-term care facilities [3]. Despite these benefits, several challenges persist, including inconsistencies in clinical protocols, inadequate staff training, and disparities in resource availability across healthcare systems. Additionally, there is a significant gap in comprehensive global data on NIV use and patient outcomes in non-ICU settings [5]. Understanding the international landscape of NIV implementation, including current practices, protocols, and barriers, is essential for optimizing patient care and establishing standardized guidelines. To date, no study has examined the use of NIV outside the ICU. A lack of data hampers the transfer of the benefits of scientific research to patients. This study aimed to evaluate global trends, indications, and challenges associated with NIV use outside the ICU.

OBJECTIVE

• Primary To assess the prevalence of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) use outside the ICU
• Secondary

• To identify the common conditions treated with NIV in non-ICU settings.
• To evaluate the outcomes of using NIV in non-ICU settings.
• To examine the barriers and challenges healthcare providers face when using NIV outside the ICU.

METHODOLOGY

• Study design This cross-sectional, multi-national, web-based survey of physicians, nursing officers, and Respiratory therapists who treat patients with NIV will be conducted after approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of the Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow. Participation will be on an invitation basis and purely voluntary, after informed consent.
• Inclusion criteria Physicians, Nursing Officers, and Respiratory therapists dealing with adult patients with acute and chronic respiratory failure.
• Exclusion Criteria Physicians and Respiratory therapists who refuse to give consent.
• Study Protocol:

A pre-designed survey link will be sent to all members of various respiratory and critical care societies, as well as institutions/hospitals. Each physician, nursing officer, and RT who consented to participate will receive a web-based questionnaire. Those who did not respond to the first email within eight weeks will receive reminders.

• Definitions:

NIV stands for non-invasive ventilation. It is the application of respiratory support via a sealed face mask, nasal mask, or helmet mask via a portable BIPAP, CPAP, or ICU ventilator.

A pre-designed survey link (https://forms.gle/6mJyw172MxSVdbxP8) will be sent Wait for 8 weeks If there is no response, a reminder will be sent

• Outcome measures:

a) prevalence of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) uses outside the intensive care unit b) Data collection: Demographic and clinical characteristics of all eligible patients will be collected on a structured web form.

(https://forms.gle/6mJyw172MxSVdbxP8) g) Sample size and statistical analysis: According to a study by Walkey AJ et al. [6], the proportion of COPD patients who received NIV was 12.3%. We calculated our sample size using the formula N = t²·p·q / ε², where N is the required sample size, t corresponds to the 95% confidence level (standard value of 1.96), p is the estimated prevalence, q is one minus the prevalence, and ε represents the allowable error. Applying this formula with a prevalence of 12.3%, our initial sample size is 166. To enhance validity, we increased the sample size by 20%, resulting in a final sample size of 199. Since we have three groups of responders (Physicians, Nurses, and Respiratory Therapists), we maintained a minimum total sample size of 600. Data will be collected, compiled, and analyzed using IBM SPSS 21 software. Quantitative data will be analyzed by measuring central tendencies, including the mean, standard deviation, standard error, confidence interval, and median. Qualitative data will be analyzed using Fisher's exact test, the Chi-square test (with Yates' correction if needed), and Spearman's rank correlation test.

h) Study duration: 06 months i) Study registration: After IEC approval, this study will be registered at clinicaltrials.gov.in.

j) ETHICAL CONSIDERATION: No intervention is involved in this web-based questionnaire study. Informed Consent will be obtained before the questionnaire is filled out.

k) FINANCIAL ASPECTS: This will be a non-funded observational study. Investigators, collaborators, and patients will not receive incentives or honorarium.

l) Role and Responsibilities: The steering committee will appoint national coordinators (NCs) who will be key in conducting the study in individual countries as project leaders. The role/responsibilities of the NC include the following: Advertise the survey in each country and identify local participants. The PI and Executive Members will use this data solely for scientific purposes. Investigators will be informed about ongoing analyses and related study activities, such as presentations at meetings. All investigators have the right to submit study questions after the analyses described in the protocol have been completed. The Steering Committee will determine whether the proposed analysis can be performed, provided it does not conflict with other ongoing or completed analyses. Data in the database will not be distributed to third parties without the explicit and written agreement of the local investigator.

m) Publication Policy: Steering Committee members and National coordinators will be part of the writing committee and listed as authors of the final manuscript. All local investigators will be kept as collaborators if they have contributed more than 20 responses. Based on patient enrolment, participation in data analysis, and contribution to the final manuscript.

n) REFERENCES

• Nava S. Behind a mask: tricks, pitfalls, and prejudices for noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care. 2013 Aug;58(8):1367-76. doi: 10.4187/respcare.02457. PMID: 23878302.
• Vatrella A, Fabozzi I. Non invasive ventilation away from ICU. Transl Med UniSa. 2012 Jan 18;2:64-5. PMID: 23905046; PMCID: PMC3728781.
• Cabrini L, Idone C, Colombo S, Monti G, Bergonzi PC, Landoni G, Salaris D, Leggieri C, Torri G. Medical emergency team and non-invasive ventilation outside ICU for acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Feb;35(2):339-43. doi: 10.1007/s00134-008-1350-y. Epub 2008 Nov 19. PMID: 19018515.
• Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliott MW. Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000 Jun 3;355(9219):1931-5. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02323-0. PMID: 10859037.
• Carron M, Freo U, BaHammam AS, Dellweg D, Guarracino F, Cosentini R, Feltracco P, Vianello A, Ori C, Esquinas A. Complications of non-invasive ventilation techniques: a comprehensive qualitative review of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Jun;110(6):896-914. doi: 10.1093/bja/aet070. Epub 2013 Apr 5. PMID: 23562934.
• Walkey AJ, Wiener RS. Use of noninvasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure, 2000-2009: a population-based study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013 Feb;10(1):10-7. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201206-034OC. PMID: 23509327; PMCID: PMC3780971.

Inclusion criteria

Physicians, Nursing Officers, and Respiratory therapists dealing with adult patients with acute and chronic respiratory failure.

Exclusion criteria

Physicians and Respiratory therapists who refuse to give consent.