An Efficacy and Safety Trial of Intranasal Ketorolac in Emergency Department Patients for the Treatment of Acute Pain

Adults between the ages of 18-65 were being seen in the emergency department of a single large tertiary care hospital with acute pain (moderate to severe 4-10 NRS scale). Those who met inclusion criteria were approached. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants. The study was approved by local Institutional Review Board (IRB). Demographics (age, gender, ethnicity) were recorded. Baseline pain scores on NRS were obtained prior to administration of the drug. Pain scores (NRS) after administration of the drug (intranasal ketorolac) were recorded. All adverse events/side effects were recorded. Data was obtained for the time the individual patient was in the emergency department being treated.

Inclusion criteria

• Patient is being seen in the emergency department (ED) in acute pain from an acute illness or injury (such as a kidney stone or an acute musculoskeletal injury)
• Age ≥ 18 years and < 65 years
• Stable patient with stable vital signs, including not in shock (systolic BP >90), not in respiratory failure, and not a multiple trauma patient
• Mentally competent patient is able to understand the consent form
• Baseline pain score is moderate to severe (e.g. on NRS ≥ 4 on a 0 to 10 NRS or ≥ 40 on a 0 to 100 NRS)

Exclusion criteria

• Unstable patients
• Multiple trauma patients
• Patients with any allergies to ketorolac or any of the components in the nasal spray preparation
• Patients with active peptic ulcer disease
• Patients with a history of asthma, urticaria, or other allergic-type reactions after taking aspirin or other NSAIDS
• Patients about to undergo major surgery
• Patients with renal disease or at risk for renal failure due to volume depletion
• Pregnant or nursing mothers
• Patients with suspected or confirmed cerebrovascular bleeding, patients with hemorrhagic diathesis, and/or those at high-risk of bleeding
• Patient with a nasal abnormality or illness that could affect the absorption of intranasal medication (such as: nasal discharge, rhinitis, acute upper respiratory infection, acute epistaxis, nasal polyp, nasal tumor)
• Patient with any other contraindication to the use of Sprix, or in whom use of Sprix would not be consistent with the approved package insert
• History of chronic pain
• History of drug abuse
• History of significant neurologic disorder (could include diseases such as diabetic neuropathy, Parkinson's disease, etc)
• History of significant psychiatric disorder
• History of being on medications that may affect neurotransmitters (such as certain neurologic or psychiatric medications)
• No immediate post-op patients