Activity of the Rotator Cuff During Glenohumeral Mobilization

Following informed consent, all participants will be assessed in a private EMG lab setting. After exposing the posterior shoulder girdle, the areas of the upper trapezius, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus will be cleaned using a cloth alcohol prep pad, and the skin at the area of electrode placement will be vigorously abraded for 5 seconds. A previously calibrated (per Delsys system protocol) Delsys mini-wireless electrode will then be placed at the appropriate location over each muscle as described by Criswell. These electrodes will be securely taped in place using specialized tape as specified by the manufacturer.

Once electrode placement is complete, each participant will first undergo a standardizing reference contraction of each muscle group. For the upper trapezius, this will consist of 1) a 9 second shrug,2) 9 second elevation of the arm to 90 degrees in the empty can position, and 3) a side lying external rotation of the shoulder to 90 degrees. The middle 3 seconds of each trial will be used to record the average electrical activity of each muscle during voluntary contraction.

Participants will then be placed supine on a standard plinth. The investigators will then proceed to provide a mobilizing force to the subject's glenohumeral joints. Each of two investigators will, in sequence perform a 15 second longitudinal distraction, followed by a 15 second posteriorly directed glenohumeral glide with the shoulder placed in the open pack resting position (~50 degrees abduction, slight horizontal adduction, external rotation). The middle 5 seconds will be captured for mean electrical activity at each of the three previously identified muscles. Following completion of the mobilizations by the second investigator, the electrodes will be removed, and the subject's participation will be complete.

Data analysis will include basic subject demographics such as age, gender, and handedness. Tests of between group difference will be analyzed for each mobilization and tester condition. Data will be analyzed comparing mean EMG values during mobilization compared to the active contraction using the reference voluntary contraction (RVC) method, as this has been shown be a more accurate comparator for low levels of muscle activity.

Inclusion criteria

• healthy individuals and subjects with shoulder pain
• ages 18-64
• all subjects must be ambulatory, able to transfer onto a standard treatment plinth, and able to tolerate lying supine (on their back) for a minimum of 15 minutes.

Exclusion criteria

• recent (6 months) shoulder surgery
• shoulder replacement on the involved side
• any history of shoulder fractures
• active cancer or metastatic disease
• coagulation disorders
• current pregnancy
• rheumatoid arthritis
• active litigation for current injury
• active workman's compensation for current injury
• osteoporosis