Abriendo Caminos: Engaging Latinos

The average number of participants recruited to participate in the study

The average number of participants who complete the study

The average number of sessions completed by the participant

The Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) uses a 4-point Likert scale (1-4) for each item, typically ranging from "Quite dissatisfied" to "Very satisfied" or similar, for a total of 8 to 32 points. High scores indicate greater satisfaction across nine dimensions of service quality.

The average number of assessments completed by participants

Participants will participate in qualitative interviews regarding their satisfaction with the intervention

The Religious Practices and Beliefs (RPB 2I) is a 13-item instrument scored by recoding responses to establish a zero floor, with higher scores indicating greater religiosity. It measures religious beliefs (0-4) and behavioral frequencies (past year/lifetime) using Likert scales (e.g., 0-7 or 1-3) to assess four dimensions: believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging. To ensure a score floor of zero, responses must be recoded before summing. Generally, this means subtracting 1 from the response value (e.g., if using a 1-8 scale, it becomes 0-7).

The Marin Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH) is a 12-item tool scored by averaging responses, where 1 represents "Only Spanish" and 5 represents "Only English." Higher average scores (closer to 5) indicate higher U.S. acculturation, while lower scores (closer to 1) reflect lower acculturation, and middle scores indicate biculturalism

The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised (MEIM-R) is a 6-item instrument that uses a 4-point or 5-point Likert scale (e.g., 1=Strongly Disagree to 4/5=Strongly Agree) to measure ethnic identity commitment and exploration. Scoring involves calculating the mean of all items, with higher scores indicating a stronger, more developed ethnic identity

The Familism Scale is a 14, 5-point Likert scale (1=Very Much in Disagreement, 5=Very Much in Agreement) measuring familism via three subscales: familial obligations, perceived support, and family as referents. Higher scores indicate stronger familism.

The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5) is a 17-item self-report tool measuring lifetime trauma exposure (Criterion A). It screens for events "happened to me," "witnessed it," "learned about it," "part of job," or "not sure," with no official total severity score, but often used to confirm Criterion A for PTSD

The PCL-5 is a 20-item self-report questionnaire assessing DSM-5 PTSD symptoms, scored from 0 ("Not at all") to 4 ("Extremely"), with a total severity score of 0-80. A total score of 31-33 or higher indicates probable PTSD, while a 5-point change represents a response, and 10-20 points indicate clinically meaningful improvement.

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a measure of the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. PSS items were designed to tap the degree to which respondents found their lives unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloading. The PSS comprises 14 items, rated from 0 (never) to 4 (very often). Scores range from 0-56, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress.

The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) is a 53-item self-report tool that measures the intensity of psychological distress (0=not at all, 4=extremely) over seven days. Scores are converted to normalized T-scores (Mean=50, SD=10). A T-score 63 on the Global Severity Index (GSI) or two subscales indicates clinically significant distress; 50-62: moderate-to-high-moderate distress; and < 50: below average or nominal distress.

The Barriers to Access to Care Evaluation (BACE-3) is a 30-item self-report tool used to assess attitudinal and structural barriers to seeking mental health services, featuring a 12-item stigma subscale. It utilizes a 4-point Likert scale to measure the extent to what extent items stop, delay, or discourage care, with higher total scores indicating greater barriers to access. Summing all 30 items (ranging from 0 to 90) yields a total barrier burden score.

The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Inventory (ISMI) is a 29-item self-report questionnaire scoring 1-4 per item, used to measure subjective self-stigma. A mean total score (sum of items divided by number of items) ranging from 1 to 4 is calculated. A higher mean score indicates greater internalized stigma, typically categorized into minimal (1.0-2.0), mild (2.01-2.5), moderate (2.51-3.0), or severe (>3.0).

The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA) is a 32-item self-report tool evaluating motivation to change using a 5-point Likert scale (1=Strongly Disagree to 5=Strongly Agree). It calculates scores for four stages-Precontemplation, Contemplation, Action, and Maintenance-which can be used independently or combined into a continuous "Readiness to Change" formula. Higher scores indicate greater readiness to change. Respondents can score high on more than one stage, reflecting that the stages of change are not always discrete

The Rogers Empowerment Scale is a 28-item self-report tool designed to measure mental health service user empowerment across five factors. It uses a 4-point Likert scale (1=Strongly Agree, 4=Strongly Disagree), with total scores ranging from 28 to 112, where higher scores indicate greater empowerment.

The WHOQOL-BREF is scored by calculating the mean score for each of the four domains (Physical, Psychological, Social, Environment), and multiplying by 4 to create a 4-20 scale. Finally, these scores are often transformed to a 0-100 scale, where higher scores indicate a higher quality of life. Scores are typically presented as a profile of the four domains rather than a single total score.

The Working Alliance Inventory - Short Revised Client version (WAI-SR-C) is a 12-item self-report questionnaire assessing the therapy bond, goals, and tasks. Clients rate items on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Seldom to 5 = Always), with higher total scores (12-60) indicating a stronger therapeutic alliance.

The Working Alliance Inventory - Short Revised - Therapist (WAI-SR-T) is a 12-item self-report questionnaire that measures a therapist's perspective on the alliance with their client. It uses a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Seldom to 5 = Always) to score three subscales (Bond, Goals, Tasks). The total score ranges from 12 to 60, with higher scores reflecting a stronger alliance.

Binary (yes or no) engaged in treatment