Changing Lives and Changing Outcomes-9 at Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital

In this treatment study, the investigators propose to implement and evaluate a 9-session intervention, cognitive-behavioral intervention, Changing Lives and Changing Outcomes-9 (CLCO-9), for patients at Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital (WRCH) with serious mental illness (i.e., depression, bipolar, and psychotic disorders) with current or previous legal involvement.

The CLCO-9 groups will be led by WRCH clinical staff/trainees who have competed a clinical training in the CLCO-9 intervention led by Dr. Scanlon (PI). This study is comprised of two parts: a clinical phase, and then the effectiveness phase (see Section 5.7 Study Procedures). The study is guided by the following aims:

Aim 1 will evaluate feasibility, fidelity, and patient satisfaction during the implementation of the CLCO-9 group treatment at WRCH.

The researchers hypothesize the implementation will demonstrate feasibility based on the number of patients who agree to join the group and attendance. The researchers anticipate approximately 40 patients will agree to participate in the study, with a projected sample size of 20 treatment completers (i.e., patient participants who attended 5 or more of the 9 group sessions and post-treatment measures). Using transcriptions from consultation calls with group leaders on clinical and implementation issues, the research team will also explore barriers and facilitators of the intervention's feasibility.

The researchers hypothesize that group leader participants will report high levels of session fidelity to the treatment program per session fidelity checklists (i.e., ≥ 75% of session content covered, on average, per session).

The researchers hypothesize patient participants will report satisfaction with CLCO-9 treatment sessions (per the Client Satisfaction Questionnare-8).

The researchers will also explore patient engagement in each session, per group leader participant report on a scale of 1 (disengaged) to 5 (exemplary). The research team will collect patients' session homework to explore homework completion as another indicator of engagement.

Aim 2 will evaluate the CLCO-9's effectiveness in improving patient-reported and behavioral indicators of mental health and criminal risk.

From pre-to post-treatment, the researchers hypothesize improvements in patient-reported emotional distress (per the Modified Colorado Symptom Index), aggression and hostility (per the Bus-Perry Aggression Questionnaire), criminal thinking (per the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles-Short Form), antisocial attitudes (per the Measure of Criminal Attitudes and Associates Part B), and knowledge of treatment content (per the CLCO-9 knowledge quiz) will improve from pre- to post-treatment.

The investigators hypothesize that, per WRCH chart review, behavioral outcomes will show reduced Broset Violence Checklist scores and fewer restraints/seclusions from before to immediately after treatment. The research team also hypothesizes treatment recipients will show improved treatment engagement (i.e., attending more treatment meetings and other groups) across treatment.

Aim 3 will evaluate the changes in WRCH CLCO-9 clinician knowledge and attitudes about treating criminal risk.

The investigators hypothesize that clinicians will show increased knowledge (per the Knowledge about Addressing Criminal Risk quiz) and attitudes (per the Staff Responses to Attitude scale) on addressing criminal risk among patients with SMI after leading the CLCO-9 groups. Change will be calculated by comparing pre-training survey data, post-training survey data, and follow-up survey data after group leaders complete their first and last groups.

Inclusion criteria

• Currently hospitalized at Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital (WRCH)
• At least 18 years old
• Self-reported current or past legal involvement
• Speaks English
• For patients without a legally authorized representative (LAR): demonstrate capacity to consent per the Capacity Assessment Record (CAR).
• For patients with an LAR: assent to participate.

Exclusion criteria

• Hospital status that does not permit group attendance (e.g., room-based seclusion)