A Household-Based Dietary Intervention Study of Vitamin D Fortified Bread in Irish Families

This randomised controlled dietary intervention study aims to recruit households/families of children, teens and adults, with 128 participants who will be randomised to receive vitamin D-fortified bread and advice to consume additional commercially available fortified foods (Treatment group) or identical unfortified bread and advice to consume additional commercially available fortified foods (Control group). The outcome of the study is to test whether increasing vitamin D intake through food (Treatment group) is sufficient to prevent wintertime vitamin D deficiency (measured using serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D <30 nmol/L) in comparison with the Control group.

The target vitamin D intake for the treatment group in this study is >20 μg/ day vitamin D. This will maintain serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (the biomarker of vitamin D status) > 30 nmol/L, the clinical deficiency threshold to prevent metabolic bone disease, in over 90% of participants. At this vitamin D intake level, about 80% of participants will have a 25(OH)D concentration > 50 nmol/L, the personal intake target in the US and EU.

Inclusion criteria

• Provide written informed consent if over 16 years; informed parental consent for children under-16 years, plus age-appropriate assent for children under-16 years.
• Be a household with at least one adult ≥18 years, with at least one dependent aged 5 years or older.
• Willing to consume bread provided and have storage capacity for frozen bread.
• Be in good general health.
• Be willing to follow the assigned diet for 8 weeks and attend the required appointments.

Exclusion criteria

• Daily consumption of a vitamin D supplement with a dose exceeding >10µg/d (400 IU) equivalent.
• Exposure to factors that may influence vitamin D status, such as winter sun holiday, ski holiday, tanning beds etc.
• Are following a medically prescribed diet.
• Have a diagnosis of a medical condition that may interfere with vitamin D absorption, such as Coeliac disease, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, cystic fibrosis, or metabolism, such as liver disease, renal disease.
• Have a history of active cancer or a diagnosis of cancer within the past 5 years.
• Have an allergy to the bread ingredients.
• Are participating in another research study with an intervention or other lifestyle programme that would interfere with the outcomes of the study.
• Are unable to read, write, or understand English.