A Dual Energy Catheter (PFA and RFA) and a PFA Catheter for the Treatment of PeAF

Inclusion criteria

• Aged 18-75 years old;
• Documented symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation, defined as persistent atrial fibrillation lasting more than 7 days and less than 1 year；
• Ineffective or intolerable after treatment with at least one Class I or Class III antiarrhythmic drug;
• Fully understand the treatment protocol and voluntarily sign the informed consent form and be willing to undergo the tests, procedures and follow-ups required by the protocol.

Exclusion criteria

• Patients who have undergone left atrial surgery
• Left atrial thrombosis
• Patients with combined atrial tachycardia and atypical atrial flutter
• Patients of childbearing age who are unable to use effective contraception during the 3-month period following enrollment
• Anterior and posterior left atrial diameter ≥ 55mm
• Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40%
• Previous atrial septal repair or atrial mucinous tumor
• Active implants (e.g. pacemakers, ICDs, etc.) in the body
• NYHA class III-IV cardiac function
• Clear cerebrovascular disease within the last 6 months (including cerebral hemorrhage, stroke, transient ischemic attack)
• Cardiovascular events within the last 3 months (including acute myocardial infarction, coronary intervention or heart bypass surgery, prosthetic valve replacement or repair, atrial or ventriculotomy)
• Those with acute or severe systemic infections
• Patients with severe liver or kidney disease, malignant tumors or end-stage disease that, in the opinion of the investigator, may interfere with the treatment, evaluation and compliance of this trial
• Patients with significant bleeding tendency, hypercoagulable state and severe hematologic disorders
• Patients who have participated or are participating in other clinical trials within 3 months prior to enrollment
• Patients who have other conditions that the investigator considers inappropriate for participation in this trial.