Congenital choanal atresia (CCA) is a relatively common congenital nasal anomaly, characterized by the failure of canalization of the posterior nasal passage during embryological development, which normally occurs between the 4th and 11th weeks of gestation[1]. This developmental failure results in an obstruction-either bony, membranous, or mixed-at the posterior nasal aperture, leading to compromised nasal airflow[1]. Failure of canalization results in a persistent bucco-pharyngeal membrane or naso-buccal blockage, either bony or membranous in structure CCA affects approximately 1 in 5,000 to 8,000 live births, with a slight female predominance (twice as common in females).
Two-thirds of cases are unilateral, while one-third are bilateral. Risk factors include twin pregnancies, chromosomal anomalies, and antithyroid treatment during pregnancy.
Bilateral CCA is a neonatal emergency as infants are obligatory nasal breathing , leading to severe respiratory distress, cyclical cyanosis, and feeding difficulties immediately after birth.
Diagnosis is suspected when a soft catheter cannot pass through the nose and confirmed by CT scan.
Nearly half of the affected neonates have additional syndromic anomalies, such as CHARGE syndrome, highlighting the need for comprehensive evaluation The main goal of surgery is to create an patent nasal airway; techniques have evolved from the traditional transpalatal approach to minimally invasive transnasal endoscopic methods.
The transpalatal approach is less favored now due to higher risks of complications such as palatal fistulas and dental deformities.
Endoscopic transnasal techniques are now preferred as they offer better visualization, less morbidity, minimal blood loss, and avoidance palatal growth disturbance.
Simple transnasal endoscopic canalization is technically easy but may have higher rates of restenosis compared to more advanced techniques using mucosal flaps.
Using mucosal flaps in endoscopic surgery can reduce scar tissue and restenosis by providing mucosal coverage and minimizing granulation tissue formation.
Stents are sometimes used for 6-8 weeks, but their necessity and benefits remain debated, with some protocols avoiding stenting altogether.
Topical mitomycin C is used by some surgeons to prevent scar formation, but its effectiveness is still controversial.
There is a need for prospective randomized studies to determine the most suitable approach for long-term success and fewer complications in CCA patients.
