10-week Complex Training for Chinese National Korfball Players

Maximal lower-body strength assessed as the one-repetition maximum (1RM) load for the barbell back squat. Participants completed standardized warm-up sets followed by progressive single attempts to determine the maximal load successfully lifted once with correct technique; rest periods were provided between attempts. The outcome is the 1RM load, reported in kilograms (kg).

Upper-body maximal strength assessed as the one-repetition maximum (1RM) load for the shoulder press exercise. The 1RM is defined as the maximal load that can be lifted once with correct technique for the specified exercise; the outcome is the 1RM load, reported in kilograms (kg).

Dynamic balance assessed using the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test. Composite score calculated as ((ANT + PM + PL) / (3 × limb length)) × 100; reported as percent.

Single-leg triple hop for distance and reported in meters（m）.

Intermittent running performance assessed using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1). Performance is defined as the maximal total distance completed, reported in meters (m).

Agility assessed using the T-test; outcome is time to complete the course, reported in seconds (s).

Concentric peak torque for hip extension measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 60°/s; normalized to body mass and reported as N·m/kg.

Concentric peak torque for hip extension measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 180°/s; normalized to body mass and reported as N·m/kg.

Concentric peak torque for knee extension measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 60°/s; normalized to body mass and reported as N·m/kg.

Concentric peak torque for knee flexion measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 180°/s; normalized to body mass and reported as N·m/kg.

Concentric peak torque for ankle extension (plantarflexion) measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 60°/s; normalized to body mass and reported as N·m/kg.

Concentric peak torque for ankle extension (plantarflexion) measured using an isokinetic dynamometer at 180°/s; normalized to body mass and reported as N·m/kg.

Vertical GRF impulse (Z-axis) during the propulsion phase of the step-back jump shot, computed as the time integral of the Z-axis GRF over propulsion and normalized to body mass (N·s/kg). Registered value = bilateral mean; limb-specific (left/right) values will be reported as additional analyses.

Jump height during the step-back jump shot will be derived from force-plate-defined flight time and reported in centimeters (cm). The registered outcome value will be the bilateral mean; limb-specific values will be reported as additional analyses.

Squat jump height derived from force plate data (flight-time method ) and reported in centimeters (cm). Registered value = bilateral mean; limb-specific values reported as additional analyses.

Reactive Strength Index (RSI) during drop jump, calculated as jump height (m) divided by ground contact time (s); reported as m/s. Registered value = bilateral mean; limb-specific values reported as additional analyses.

Braking GRF impulse in the sagittal axis (Y-axis) during the 45° change-of-direction task, computed as the time integral of the braking-direction portion of the Y-axis GRF over the braking/weight-acceptance interval (initial contact to peak knee flexion) and normalized to body mass (N·s/kg). The registered outcome value will be the bilateral mean; limb-specific values (left/right) will be reported as additional analyses.

Shooting accuracy will be assessed using a standardized sport-specific timed shooting protocol at three distances (3 m, 5 m, 7 m). At each distance, participants will attempt as many shots as possible within 1 minute. The number of successful shots and total shot attempts will be recorded at each distance. The registered outcome value will be overall shooting accuracy (%) aggregated across all three distances, calculated as: (total successful shots across 3 m+5 m+7 m ÷ total shot attempts across 3 m+5 m+7 m) × 100. Distance-specific accuracies (3 m, 5 m, 7 m) will be analyzed and reported as additional analyses.

BMI will be calculated as body mass in kilograms divided by the square of stature in meters and reported as kg/m².

Body fat percentage will be assessed using a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) body composition analyzer under standardized conditions. Results will be recorded as percent (%).

Mid-thigh girth will be measured with a non-elastic tape at the midpoint between the inguinal crease and the proximal border of the patella, perpendicular to the long axis of the thigh, and recorded in centimeters (cm).

Maximal calf girth will be measured with a non-elastic tape at the level of the largest calf circumference and recorded in centimeters (cm).

LSI will be calculated for concentric knee extension peak torque at 180°/s as: LSI = (dominant limb / non-dominant limb) × 100, reported as percent (%). Peak torque will be normalized to body mass (N·m/kg) before LSI calculation. Dominant limb defined a priori.

LSI will be calculated for drop jump Reactive Strength Index (RSI) as: LSI = (dominant limb / non-dominant limb) × 100, reported as percent (%). RSI will be computed as jump height (m) divided by ground contact time (s) for each limb. Dominant limb will be defined a priori.