ZOlpidem and the stRengthening of pRescription regulatiOn

Several aspects of the incidence will be assessed (number of zolpidem consumers, change in consumption profile, and consumption of other sedative drugs) before and after the regulatory framework change.

The epidemiological study will enable us to respond to all these aspects and it will be completed by the observational study with practitioners and patients that have been affected by the regulatory framework change.

General practitioners will be interviewed by phone about their perception of the regulatory framework change, their attitudes towards their patients with zolpidem prescription and the drugs they used if they had changed the patients prescription.

All consumers included in the study will have to fulfill a self-questionnaire about their perception of the regulatory framework change, their attitudes towards their consumption of zolpidem (stop, diminution, replacement) and their favorite replacement drug.

The impact of regulatory prescription change of zolpidem will have a pleiotropic impact which can't be evaluated on a single criterion. It must be considered in a global, multifocal manner. This is why several criteria will be used to assess several incidence and several populations.

These different approaches will enable us to respond to three questions

• What is the impact on the number of consumers? Prevalence and incidence of zolpidem consumers over several periods (before and after the regulatory prescription change) will be evaluated from French National Health Insurance Fund for Employees database.
• What is the impact on consumption patterns of zolpidem? The investigators will assess different patterns of zolpidem consumption (i) occasional use versus chronic use will be assessed from French National Health Insurance Fund for Employees database and from consumers of general medicine and specialized centers for drug addict patients (ii) problematic use (consumption not in accordance with summary of product characteristics according to at least one of these parameters: duration of consumption, dosage, manner in which zolpidem is obtained, route of administration, or seeking psychoactive effects different from hypnotic effect) versus no problematic use will be assessed from French National Health Insurance Fund for Employees database and from consumers of general medicine and specialized centers for drug addict patients.
• What is the impact on consumption of other sedatives drugs? The investigators will look for reports of zolpidem prescriptions on other drugs and if reports are maintained from French National Health Insurance Fund for Employees database, general practitioners will be interviewed about change in their prescriptions and their preferred drug for replacement, and consumers of general medicine and specialized centers for drug addict patients will be asked about their attitudes towards their consumption of zolpidem (stop, diminution, replacement) and their favorite replacement drug.

Inclusion criteria

Epidemiological study: all the patients of the database between January 2016 and December 2018 will be selected.

Observational study with general practitioners:

• General practitioners drawn by the sampling methodology or general practitioners that are habitual partners of the investigator service.
• General practitioners located in liberal cabinet when the change in regulatory framework has been applied.
• General practitioners who accept the interview.

Observational study with zolpidem consumers:

• Being a patient from one of the general practitioners participating in the study or going in one of the specialized centers for drug addict patients participating in the study.
• Having a problematic consumption of zolpidem when the regulatory framework change was applied according to the general practitioner or to the specialized centre staff.
• Giving consent oral to participate.

Exclusion criteria

Epidemiological study: none

Observational study with general practitioners:

• General practitioners who not respond to the phone call after several attempts.

Observational study with zolpidem consumers:

• being under 18 years of age
• being an adult protected
• having difficulties to understand, read or write French language.