Zentangle on Psychological Well-being

PANAS is a 20-item scale, comprises of two 10-item subscales measuring positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). This self-report measure is being widely used in both clinical and community settings. A 5-point Likert scale is employed, ranging from "very slightly or not at all" to "extremely", to measure the extent to which participants have experienced such feelings over a specific period of time.

DASS-21 is a 21-items scale, comprises of three sub-scales which measures the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress. The DASS is based on a dimensional rather than a categorical conception of psychological disorder; thus, it has no direct implications for the allocation of patients to discrete diagnostic categories. However, recommended cutoff scores for conventional severity labels (normal, moderate, severe) are given in the DASS Manual.

The FFMQ-SF is a 24-item scale that is used to evaluate one's dispositional tendency to be mindful in daily life. Ratings on the 5-point Likert scale are obtained on 5 factors, including acting with awareness, describing, nonjudging, nonreactivity and observing. The 5-point scale ranging from "never or rarely true" to "very often or always true" is used to rate how frequent the participants had each experience.

SCS-SF is a 12-item scale to evaluates the degree of self-compassion. Ratings on the 5-point Likert scale are obtained on 6 factors, including self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, selfjudgment, isolation and over-identification. The self-report 12-item SCS-SF explicitly represents the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors associated with self-compassion and includes items that measure how often people respond to feelings of inadequacy or suffering with each of six components.

ISI is a 7-item scale designed to evaluate perceived insomnia severity. Ratings on the 5-point Likert scale are obtained on the perceived severity of sleep-onset, sleep-maintenance, early morning awakening problems, satisfaction with current sleep pattern, interference with daily functioning, noticeably of impairment attributed to the sleep problem, and level of distress caused by the sleep problem.

Treatment evaluation form and engagement questionnaire will be used to collect participants' view on the Zentangle class and how often they practiced Zentangle for the past 2 weeks respectively.