Yoga Versus Health Education for the Treatment of Persistent Fatigue in Patients With Post COVID-19 Syndrome

The chalder fatigue scale is used to assess the severity of fatigue within the last 4 weeks. It contains 11 questions in a four-step answer format (0-4), 7 of which refer to the degree of physical fatigue and 4 to the degree of mental fatigue. In its binomial evaluation (range 0-11) it can be used with a cut-off of (≥ 4) to divide patients into those with and those without fatigue.

The chalder fatigue scale is used to assess the severity of fatigue within the last 4 weeks. It contains 11 questions in a four-step answer format (0-4), 7 of which refer to the degree of physical fatigue and 4 to the degree of mental fatigue. In its binomial evaluation (range 0-11) it can be used with a cut-off of (≥ 4) to divide patients into those with and those without fatigue.

Short Form 12 Health Survey Questionnaire, The SF-12 represents the most commonly used instrument in clinical trials to assess generic quality of life. The questionnaire captures 8 different subscales, which are combined into a physical and a psychological summated scale.

Short Form 12 Health Survey Questionnaire, The SF-12 represents the most commonly used instrument in clinical trials to assess generic quality of life. The questionnaire captures 8 different subscales, which are combined into a physical and a psychological summated scale.

The EQ-5D-5L is a self-assessed, health related, quality of life questionnaire. The scale measures quality of life on a 5-component scale including mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. In this study, the EQ-5D-5L is used for cost-effectiveness analysis, together with healthcare-related costs.

The EQ-5D-5L is a self-assessed, health related, quality of life questionnaire. The scale measures quality of life on a 5-component scale including mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. In this study, the EQ-5D-5L is used for cost-effectiveness analysis, together with healthcare-related costs.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale asks 14 questions, of which 7 are about anxiety and 7 about depression in patients with physical illnesses and physical complaints. More precisely, it measures the self-assessed severity of patients' anxious and depressive symptoms in relation to the past week.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale asks 14 questions, of which 7 are about anxiety and 7 about depression in patients with physical illnesses and physical complaints. More precisely, it measures the self-assessed severity of patients' anxious and depressive symptoms in relation to the past week.

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) assesses the quality of sleep over the past 4 weeks using 24 questions, 17 for self-assessment and 7 for external assessment. It is used clinically to monitor patients with sleep disorders and to screen for sleep disorders in epidemiological studies. In this study, only the 17 self-assessment items are collected.

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) assesses the quality of sleep over the past 4 weeks using 24 questions, 17 for self-assessment and 7 for external assessment. It is used clinically to monitor patients with sleep disorders and to screen for sleep disorders in epidemiological studies. In this study, only the 17 self-assessment items are collected.

The current stress perception of the patients is assessed by means of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). This measures the current subjective perceived stress of the patients on the basis of 10 items.

The current stress perception of the patients is assessed by means of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). This measures the current subjective perceived stress of the patients on the basis of 10 items.

Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is a delayed worsening of symptoms that occurs after minimal physical or mental activity. The DePaul-Symptom Questionaire (DSQ) is used to asses PEM.

Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is a delayed worsening of symptoms that occurs after minimal physical or mental activity. The DePaul-Symptom Questionaire (DSQ) is used to asses PEM.

The Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ) assesses participants' subjective body awareness in four subdimensions: note responses or changes in body processes, predict bodily reaction, sleep-wake cycle, and onset of illness. The validated single-factor German version consists of 17 questions on a 7-point Likert scale from 1 (not at all true about me) to 7 (very true about me). The values of the individual items are added together to form a total score. Body awareness will be used in mediation analyses of treatment effects.

The Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ) assesses participants' subjective body awareness in four subdimensions: note responses or changes in body processes, predict bodily reaction, sleep-wake cycle, and onset of illness. The validated single-factor German version consists of 17 questions on a 7-point Likert scale from 1 (not at all true about me) to 7 (very true about me). The values of the individual items are added together to form a total score. Body awareness will be used in mediation analyses of treatment effects.

The Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES) was originally developed in 1989 as part of the Stanford Arthritis Self-Management Study to assess self-efficacy in arthritis patients and has since been used to assess it in many disease conditions. A short version (ASES-8/ASES-D) has been validated. This version surveys in scale level 1-10 the perceived ability to deal with occurring symptoms such as: Pain or fatigue. Self-efficacy will be used in mediation analyses of treatment effects.

The Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES) was originally developed in 1989 as part of the Stanford Arthritis Self-Management Study to assess self-efficacy in arthritis patients and has since been used to assess it in many disease conditions. A short version (ASES-8/ASES-D) has been validated. This version surveys in scale level 1-10 the perceived ability to deal with occurring symptoms such as: Pain or fatigue. Self-efficacy will be used in mediation analyses of treatment effects.

Adverse events and serious adverse events are documented. Adverse events include any adverse symptoms, illnesses, disorders, or accidents that occur during the course of the study. Serious adverse events include events occurring during the course of the study that are immediately life-threatening and/or result in serious health problems (specifically, requiring unanticipated hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization, or resulting in serious disability or incapacitation). Adverse events (including PEM) and serious adverse events will be documented by participants on a weekly basis throughout the intervention period. Participants will be instructed to immediately notify the study site upon the occurrence of any serious adverse event. The severity as well as the possible causal relationship with the intervention will be assessed by the study physician.

CRP as marker of pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, from blood samples.

CRP as marker of pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, from blood samples.

IL-6, as marker of pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, from blood samples.

IL-6, as marker of pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, from blood samples.

D-dimer, as a by-product of the blood clotting and break-down process that can be measured via analysis of a blood sample

D-dimer, as a by-product of the blood clotting and break-down process that can be measured via analysis of a blood sample

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), measuring the amount of LDH in the blood. Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that the body uses during the process of turning sugar into energy for your cells to use.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), measuring the amount of LDH in the blood. Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that the body uses during the process of turning sugar into energy for your cells to use.

Leukocytes and lymphocytes, from blood samples.

Leukocytes and lymphocytes, from blood samples.

Repeated measurement of hand strength can help detect physical decline and inflammatory processes Hand grip strength measurement can be an invaluable tool for monitoring physical performance decline.

Repeated measurement of hand grip strength can help detect physical decline and inflammatory processes Hand strength measurement can be an invaluable tool for monitoring physical performance decline.

General tracking of patients' movement habits via activity monitor

General tracking of patients' movement habits via activity monitor

24-hour measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) to determine the functionality of the participant's autonomic nervous system. A 3-channel ECG recorder (SRA/Multi-ECG recorder, SR-Medizinelektronik, Stuttgart, Germany) is used. Several HRV time-domain and HRV frequency-domain measures will be evaluated and analyzed for the total day and night (sleeping time) period as well as for 5-minutes-intervals within these two periods (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, SDANN, SDNNI, VLF power, LF power, HF power, LF/HF).

24-hour measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) to determine the functionality of the participant's autonomic nervous system. A 3-channel ECG recorder (SRA/Multi-ECG recorder, SR-Medizinelektronik, Stuttgart, Germany) is used. Several HRV time-domain and HRV frequency-domain measures will be evaluated and analyzed for the total day and night (sleeping time) period as well as for 5-minutes-intervals within these two periods (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, SDANN, SDNNI, VLF power, LF power, HF power, LF/HF).

Direct medical and non-medical costs are collected using this questionnaire. The questionnaire is a modified version of the Cost for Patient Questionnaire (CoPaQ), designed to collect all information on health care costs.

The Credibility Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ) published by Ametrano, et al. 2011 and validated as German version by Rieke, et al. 2013 is used to measure Therapierationale and Therapieerwartung at baseline. It measures these over 6 items using 9-point Likert scales.

Big-Five-Inventory-10 (BFI-10) is used to assess personality dimensions based on the big-5 model.