Workplace Exercise Therapy With or Without Manual Therapy in Chronic Spinal Pain

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of short sessions of exercise therapy plus manual therapy compared with exercise therapy plus sham manual therapy at work on self-perceived productivity, disability, global impression of change, pain intensity, depression, anxiety, and muscle tone.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial will be conducted. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM) (CE042403). Eligible participants will be office workers from the UCAM University with nonspecific spinal pain. Participants will be randomized into two groups. The experimental group will receive exercise therapy plus manual therapy, while the control group will receive exercise therapy plus sham manual therapy. Both groups will complete two 15-minute sessions of exercise therapy per week for 8 weeks. In addition, the experimental group will receive two 15-minute sessions of manual therapy per week, while the control group will receive sham manual therapy during the same period.

Outcomes: The primary outcomes will be self-perceived productivity, disability, patient global impression of change, and pain intensity. Secondary outcomes will include depression, anxiety, and muscle tone. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Any possible adverse events will be registered during the 8-weeks of interventions.

Sample Size Estimation: Sample size was calculated using G*Power 3.1. To detect differences between groups over time, a small effect size (f = 0.17) was assumed, with 80% power and a 5% alpha level, indicating a minimum of 50 participants. Allowing for a 20% dropout rate, the target sample size was set at 60 participants (30 per group).

Statistical Analysis: A repeated-measures ANOVA (time × group) will be used. Mauchly's test will assess sphericity; if violated, the Greenhouse-Geisser correction will be applied. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons will be adjusted using Bonferroni correction. Effect sizes will be reported as partial eta-squared, and Cohen's d will be used for post-hoc comparisons. A chi-square test will assess the effectiveness of blinding by evaluating participants' perceptions of the intervention.

Inclusion criteria

• Administrative professionals engaged in sedentary desk-based work utilizing visual display terminals (VDTs) for data processing and information management from the UCAM University
• Chronic nonspecific spinal pain defined as pain (≥4/10 on a numeric rating scale) persisting for at least the past 3 months and/or present on ≥50% of days during the previous 6 months
• The anatomical region of pain is defined from the occipital area to the gluteal folds

Exclusion criteria

• Participants with diagnosed conditions causing back pain, such as ankylosing spondylitis, infections, or other specific causes, including vertebral fractures
• Participants currently receiving any rehabilitative or pharmacological treatment for back pain during the 3 weeks prior to study enrollment
• Participants diagnosed with medical conditions that would prevent them from safely performing therapeutic exercise without medical supervision
• Participants who answer "Yes" to one or more questions on the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+), indicating potential contraindications to physical activity, unless cleared by a healthcare provider