What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls in Madagascar

Projet Jeune Leader (PJL) - a southern-based, youth-founded, women-led, women's rights organization - has mainstreamed gender-transformative comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) in Madagascar's public schools. PJL's mission is to improve adolescent learning and well-being - especially in rural and under-served communities. Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) plays an important role in transforming harmful gender norms and reducing the risk of violence. As an evidence- and curriculum-based intervention, CSE supports youth in developing knowledge, attitudes, skills, intentions, and behaviors for safe, healthy, and gender equitable relationships. PJL's CSE intervention, in particular, has been shown to improve young and very young adolescent students' knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and behavioral intentions toward sexual and reproductive health and rights and gender equality using pre-post school year evidence with comparison schools (Projet Jeune Leader impact summary, 2024). Community-engaged participatory research using Human-centered design (HCD) tools has also revealed that the intervention is impacting aspects of human development which can underpin violence prevention and response, including but not limited to increasing students' courage and confidence, enhancing student-teacher relationships, strengthening family relationships, providing role models in the community, and facilitating the fight against drugs and violence in the community.

Through a formal partnership signed May 2022, Madagascar's National Ministry of Education has committed to institutionalize PJL's model into the education system to reach all schools, especially those that serve the 80% of Madagascar's population living in rural areas. PJL's multi-level partnership with Madagascar's Ministry of Education is unique, and PJL is well-positioned to implement action-oriented research to examine the effect of their CSE intervention on key outcomes of young adolescent victimization and/or perpetration of bullying and violence, and knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy on violence, gender equality, strengths and difficulties (mental health) and sexual and reproductive health. PJL will also explore the CSE intervention's indirect effects on young adolescent school outcomes (retention, progression) and "safe school environment." Further, CSE implementation reach, implementation, adoption and maintenance with participating middle schools.

The evaluation of the PJL CSE intervention will be conducted through a collaboration between Johns Hopkins University and PJL.The study will use a hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation design guided by the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. School-based surveys will be used to measure outcomes at baseline (beginning of school year) and endline (end of school year, 9 months post baseline) with adolescents in 6th-9th grades, teachers and directors at middle schools randomized to either intervention or control schools in targeted rural areas. In addition, quantitative and qualitative methods at midline and endline will be used to measure CSE intervention reach, adoption, implementation and maintenance in intervention middle schools.

Inclusion criteria

• Age 10 years or older
• Adolescents enrolled in grades 6th-9th in participating intervention and control middle schools in targeted districts
• Teachers and Directors in intervention and control middle schools in targeted districts
• Parent and adolescent provide Informed consent
• Teacher/director provides informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Less than 10 years old
• Not a student intervention or control middle schools
• Not a teacher/director at intervention or control middle schools
• No informed consent