Acute liver injury is one of the most important safety concerns, being the leading cause for drug withdrawal from the market on safety grounds. For most suspected hepatotoxic drugs the only existing information comes from spontaneous reports, lacking appropriate risk quantification through formal epidemiological studies. A few population-based studies examining the risk of acute and clinically relevant liver injury among users of various drugs have been published, reporting an elevated risk of liver injury in users of antibiotics. As acute liver injury is often idiosyncratic and because its diagnostic criteria used in epidemiological studies have been variable, the reported range of incidences of acute liver injury caused by antibiotics is broad. In the United Kingdom (UK), case-control studies investigating the effect of antibiotics on acute liver injury have generated odds ratios ranging from 94.8 for the combination of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid to 6.2 for tetracyclines. Age, sex, alcohol intake, concomitant medication and comorbidities have been proposed as risk factors for antibiotic induced liver injury and may have influenced the quantification of risk estimates. In the present protocol, we propose to further quantify the risk of acute liver injury associated with antibiotics in the general population using different study designs and in different primary care databases, and to compare the results to evaluate the impact of design and population differences on the outcome of the study association.
Acute liver injury or hepatotoxicity in this study implies chemical, drug driven liver damage which can be classified based on clinical presentation and laboratory features ranging from asymptomatic mild biochemical abnormalities to acute liver failure. The most common classification used for drug induced liver injury (DILI) is according to laboratory abnormalities (hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed) and according to mechanism of toxicity (direct, immune-mediated, idiosyncratic, or mitochondrial toxicity). Being idiosyncratic in most cases, reactions often cannot be reproduced experimentally in laboratory animals. The relationship between the dose and the occurrence or severity of the reaction is not constant, and the latent period between drug exposure and sensitivity reaction is rather variable. The infrequency of DILI, though with significant impact, and complicated case ascertainment in pharmacoepidemiological studies has led to wide ranges of reported incidence rates. A recent study, using data from the GPRD database, reported crude incidence rates of liver injury caused by any type of drug ranging from 1 to 18 per 100,000 prescriptions. The Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN), a US based collaboration between academic and health institutions to study the aetiology and prevention of DILI, found antibiotics to be the largest class of agents to cause drug-induced liver injury. UK based estimates of incidence rates of antibiotic induced liver injury range from 2.5 to 8.6 per 100,000 users.
Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial used to treat infections and are amongst the twenty most prescribed drugs in England, with approximately 38.7 million prescriptions dispensed in 2009. The most frequently prescribed type of antibiotics is penicillins, a group of bactericidal antibiotics that interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis. Other bactericidal antibiotics include cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. Antibiotics with bacteriostatic mechanisms of action, inhibiting the growth or proliferation of bacterial cells, include tetracyclines, macrolides, sulphonamides and quinolones. Most types of antibiotics have been associated with drug-induced liver injury.
Liver injury accounts for 10% of all adverse reactions to drugs and is the most frequent reason for withdrawal of medications from the market. This study would provide a valuable contribution to our current knowledge as drug induced liver injury is the most common cause of acute liver failure and antibiotics are the largest drug class of agents, with the highest exposure prevalence, to cause acute liver injury.
