Walking Interventions to Improve Quality of Life Among Adults with T2D in SA and the UK

The five-dimensional EuroQol scale will be used to assess the quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). The EQ-5D-5L is based on a descriptive system that consists of five dimensions, each capturing a different aspect of health-related quality of life. These dimensions are mobility, self-care, usual activities pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression each dimension is rated on a five-level scale, which allows individuals to indicate their level of problems or impairment. The five levels are no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems, and extreme problems. The combination of responses creates a unique health state profile, which can be converted into a single index value representing overall health status. This index value ranges from 0 (representing the worst possible health state) to 1 (representing full health). Higher scores indicate a higher level of health-related quality of life.

The five-dimensional EuroQol scale will be used to assess the quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). The EQ-5D-5L is based on a descriptive system that consists of five dimensions, each capturing a different aspect of health-related quality of life. These dimensions are mobility, self-care, usual activities pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression each dimension is rated on a five-level scale, which allows individuals to indicate their level of problems or impairment. The five levels are no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems, and extreme problems. The combination of responses creates a unique health state profile, which can be converted into a single index value representing overall health status. This index value ranges from 0 (representing the worst possible health state) to 1 (representing full health). Higher scores indicate a higher level of health-related quality of life.

A second measure of quality of life will be obtained by completing the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36).The Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) is a used as self-reported instrument assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL). It consists of 36 questions measuring physical and mental health across eight dimensions. Physical health includes functioning, role limitations, pain, and general health perceptions. Mental health covers vitality, social functioning, role limitations, and mental health. Each dimension is scored from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better HRQoL.

A second measure of quality of life will be obtained by completing the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36). The Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) is a used as self-reported instrument assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL). It consists of 36 questions measuring physical and mental health across eight dimensions. Physical health includes functioning, role limitations, pain, and general health perceptions. Mental health covers vitality, social functioning, role limitations, and mental health. Each dimension is scored from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better HRQoL.

The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess the severity of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. It consists of seven questions that capture common anxiety symptoms experienced over the past two weeks. Individuals rate the frequency of symptoms on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). The total score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety severity.

The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) is a self-report questionnaire designed to assess the severity of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. It consists of seven questions that capture common anxiety symptoms experienced over the past two weeks. Individuals rate the frequency of symptoms on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). The total score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety severity.

An assessment of depression symptoms is conducted with the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item scale (PHQ-9). It consists of nine questions that capture common depressive symptoms experienced over the past two weeks. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day), reflecting the frequency and intensity of symptoms. The total score ranges from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating greater depression severity.

An assessment of depression symptoms is conducted with the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item scale (PHQ-9). It consists of nine questions that capture common depressive symptoms experienced over the past two weeks. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day), reflecting the frequency and intensity of symptoms. The total score ranges from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating greater depression severity.

Physical activity levels are assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ). A number of versions of the IPAQ are available, including the IPAQ-LF (long form) and IPAQ-SF (short form). The IPAQ-LF collects detailed information about work, transportation, chores, and leisure activities and provides an estimate of total physical activity. IPAQ-SF focuses on walking, moderate, and vigorous activities, giving domain-specific and total estimates. This study will use a short-form version of the IPAQ (IPAQ-SF). The total score for IPAQ varies based on reported activity levels across domains. It can range from 0 (no activity) to higher values indicating significant weekly physical activity.

Physical activity levels are assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ). A number of versions of the IPAQ are available, including the IPAQ-LF (long form) and IPAQ-SF (short form). The IPAQ-LF collects detailed information about work, transportation, chores, and leisure activities and provides an estimate of total physical activity. IPAQ-SF focuses on walking, moderate, and vigorous activities, giving domain-specific and total estimates. This study will use a short-form version of the IPAQ (IPAQ-SF). The total score for IPAQ varies based on reported activity levels across domains. It can range from 0 (no activity) to higher values indicating significant weekly physical activity.

Food Frequency Epic FFQ is a questionnaire that assesses dietary intake. It collects data on food frequency and portion sizes, estimating nutrient and food group intakes. Participants report average consumption over a defined period.

Food Frequency Epic FFQ is a questionnaire that assesses dietary intake. It collects data on food frequency and portion sizes, estimating nutrient and food group intakes. Participants report average consumption over a defined period.

The Memory Intrusion - TB1&TB2 paradigm is a widely used method to study memory retrieval and false memory effects. Participants memorize a list of words and then indicate if words in a second list were present in the original (old) or not (new). The second list includes related foils, leading to false memories. This paradigm sheds light on memory processes and factors affecting accuracy in cognitive.

The Memory Intrusion - TB1&TB2 paradigm is a widely used method to study memory retrieval and false memory effects. Participants memorize a list of words and then indicate if words in a second list were present in the original (old) or not (new). The second list includes related foils, leading to false memories. This paradigm sheds light on memory processes and factors affecting accuracy in cognitive.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

Participants are required to log in to a link once a week and self-report their total steps for the week. This simple process allows for regular tracking of participants' physical activity levels, promoting engagement and accountability in monitoring their step counts.

The MHLC-C assesses health control beliefs for individuals with a medical condition across four subscales: Internal, Chance, Doctors, and Others. Scores range from 6 to 36 per subscale, and the overall score spans 18 to 108. Higher Internal scores indicate increased belief in personal control over health outcomes. Elevated scores on Chance, Doctors, and Others suggest reliance on external factors, with varied interpretations. A higher Doctors score may imply trust in medical professionals, while raised Chance or Others scores may indicate a perceived lack of personal control. Overall, higher MHLC-C scores denote a more external health locus of control, attributing health outcomes to factors beyond personal control.

The MHLC-C assesses health control beliefs for individuals with a medical condition across four subscales: Internal, Chance, Doctors, and Others. Scores range from 6 to 36 per subscale, and the overall score spans 18 to 108. Higher Internal scores indicate increased belief in personal control over health outcomes. Elevated scores on Chance, Doctors, and Others suggest reliance on external factors, with varied interpretations. A higher Doctors score may imply trust in medical professionals, while raised Chance or Others scores may indicate a perceived lack of personal control. Overall, higher MHLC-C scores denote a more external health locus of control, attributing health outcomes to factors beyond personal control.