VR in Neurosurgery: Planning, Training & Communication

Intraoperative timestampf for opening, dissection, aneurysm preparation, clip application and possible clip replacement

To assess each patient's experience during the consent process, we use the Virtual Reality Questionnaire (VRQ). The VRQ is a numeric scale ranging from 0 (least positive experience) to 10 (most positive experience). Higher scores indicate a better (more positive) outcome in terms of the patient's overall experience. This questionnaire has been specifically customized for the study's focus on virtual reality-based interventions.

To assess the individual experience in consenting of the patient, the Shared Decision Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9) is used. The SDM-Q-9 is a 9-item questionnaire designed to measure the extent of shared decision-making between patients and healthcare providers. Each item is scored on a 6-point scale from 0 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree). Higher scores reflect a greater involvement of the patient in the decision-making process, indicating better shared decision-making practices.

To assess the individual experience in consenting of the patient, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is used. The BAI is a 21-item self-report questionnaire used to assess the severity of an individual's anxiety. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely, it bothered me a lot). Higher scores indicate higher levels of anxiety, with scores categorized into minimal, mild, moderate, and severe anxiety levels.

To assess the individual experience in consenting of the patient, the Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) is used. The QoR-15 is a 15-item questionnaire used to evaluate a patient's recovery after surgery. It covers various aspects of recovery, including physical comfort, emotional state, physical independence, psychological support, and pain. Each item is rated on an 11-point scale from 0 (none of the time) to 10 (all of the time), with higher scores indicating better quality of recovery.

To determine the resources required to construct the 3D model, information regarding the required time, imaging modalities, and hardware is collected.

As a standard clinical parameter the length of hospitalization is determined.

As a standard clinical parameter the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is assessed. The mRS is a measure used to evaluate the degree of disability or dependence in daily activities of people who have suffered neurological pathologies. The scale ranges from 0 to 6, with 0 indicating no symptoms, 1 indicating no significant disability despite symptoms, and higher scores indicating increasing levels of disability up to 5, which represents severe disability requiring constant care, and 6 indicating death. Lower scores indicate less disability, while higher scores reflect greater disability.

As a standard clinical parameter the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (eGOSE) is assessed. The eGOSE is used to assess the functional outcome of patients after a brain pathology. The scale ranges from 1 to 8, with 1 indicating death and 8 indicating an upper good recovery with the patient resuming normal activities without disability. Lower scores indicate more severe disability or worse outcomes, while higher scores reflect better functional recovery and less disability.

Comparison of preoperatively planned clip and intraoperative applied clip. Clip type, length, clipping method, expectation of remnant or need for provisional clipping.