VR-Based Cognitive & Technical Training in Youth Football: A Randomized Trial

The present parallel-group randomized controlled trial was designed to investigate the effects of a 7-week VR-based training program on scanning behavior and passing performance in youth football players. A total of 22 male athletes from U16-U17 categories were recruited from a regional football academy. Inclusion criteria required participants to be injury-free in the last 12 months, possess normal or corrected-to-normal vision, and have no prior exposure to VR training. Players with neurological or vestibular disorders, or recent orthopedic surgery, were excluded. Participants and their legal guardians provided informed consent prior to participation.

Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either the VR training group (n = 11) or a control group (n = 11). Randomization was stratified by age and playing position to ensure group equivalence. The control group continued their regular football training program, while the VR group participated in an additional VR training intervention delivered via the SensiballVR™ platform three times per week for seven weeks (21 sessions in total). Each VR session targeted two core domains: (1) scanning frequency through tasks requiring frequent and purposeful exploration of the virtual pitch, and (2) technical passing performance through drills simulating teammate and opponent interactions under time pressure. The VR system incorporated HTC Vive Pro Eye headsets and patented haptic footwear technology, providing tactile feedback and precise motion tracking to ensure ecological validity. Training intensity was progressively increased across three phases, from basic visual exploration to advanced dual-task drills with complex passing demands.

Outcome measures included (a) scanning frequency classified as before ball reception, during control, and off-the-ball actions, and (b) passing performance categorized by execution type (one-touch, control-pass, multi-touch), outcome (successful or unsuccessful), and style (short, penetrative, long). All data were collected during structured small-sided games (5v5+1 and 7v7+7 joker formats) and analyzed via synchronized aerial and ground-level video recordings. Notational analysis was conducted by two independent analysts with excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC > 0.90).

Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric tests due to violations of normality in several variables. Within-group changes were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, while between-group comparisons of delta scores (post-pre) were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. Effect sizes (r) were calculated and interpreted using conventional thresholds. Percentage changes in mean values were also reported to illustrate practical relevance.

Inclusion criteria

• Male youth football players (U16-U17 age categories)
• Injury-free in the past 12 months
• Normal or corrected-to-normal vision
• No prior exposure to virtual reality-based training

Exclusion criteria

• Presence of neurological disorders
• Presence of vestibular disorders
• History of recent orthopedic surgery