VNS for Long-COVID-19

COMPASS-31 (the composite autonomic symptom) score is a self-rating questionnaire evaluating six domains of autonomic function: orthostatic intolerance, vasomotor, secretomotor, gastrointestinal, bladder, and pupillomotor domains.

The total score will be between 0 to 100, and a higher score indicates more severe autonomic symptoms. It is based on the original Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP) and COMPASS, is internally consistent and applies a much-simplified scoring algorithm suitable for widespread use in autonomic research and practice.

COMPASS-31 (the composite autonomic symptom) score is a self-rating questionnaire evaluating six domains of autonomic function: orthostatic intolerance, vasomotor, secretomotor, gastrointestinal, bladder, and pupillomotor domains.

The total score will be between 0 to 100, and a higher score indicates more severe autonomic symptoms. It is based on the original Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP) and COMPASS, is internally consistent and applies a much-simplified scoring algorithm suitable for widespread use in autonomic research and practice.

COMPASS-31 (the composite autonomic symptom) score is a self-rating questionnaire evaluating six domains of autonomic function: orthostatic intolerance, vasomotor, secretomotor, gastrointestinal, bladder, and pupillomotor domains.

The total score will be between 0 to 100, and a higher score indicates more severe autonomic symptoms. It is based on the original Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP) and COMPASS, is internally consistent and applies a much-simplified scoring algorithm suitable for widespread use in autonomic research and practice.

COMPASS-31 (the composite autonomic symptom) score is a self-rating questionnaire evaluating six domains of autonomic function: orthostatic intolerance, vasomotor, secretomotor, gastrointestinal, bladder, and pupillomotor domains.

The total score will be between 0 to 100, and a higher score indicates more severe autonomic symptoms. It is based on the original Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP) and COMPASS, is internally consistent and applies a much-simplified scoring algorithm suitable for widespread use in autonomic research and practice.

COMPASS-31 (the composite autonomic symptom) score is a self-rating questionnaire evaluating six domains of autonomic function: orthostatic intolerance, vasomotor, secretomotor, gastrointestinal, bladder, and pupillomotor domains.

The total score will be between 0 to 100, and a higher score indicates more severe autonomic symptoms. It is based on the original Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP) and COMPASS, is internally consistent and applies a much-simplified scoring algorithm suitable for widespread use in autonomic research and practice.

The Fatigue Severity Scale measures fatigue severity. The total score of the FSS ranges from 9 to 63. Higher scores denote more severe fatigue.

The Fatigue Severity Scale measures fatigue severity. The total score of the FSS ranges from 9 to 63. Higher scores denote more severe fatigue.

The Fatigue Severity Scale measures fatigue severity. The total score of the FSS ranges from 9 to 63. Higher scores denote more severe fatigue.

The Fatigue Severity Scale measures fatigue severity. The total score of the FSS ranges from 9 to 63. Higher scores denote more severe fatigue.

The Fatigue Severity Scale measures fatigue severity. The total score of the FSS ranges from 9 to 63. Higher scores denote more severe fatigue.

The NeuroQOL is a self-report of health-related quality of life in 17 domains and sub-domains for adults. Item banks consist of 302 items in total (range from 5 to 45) which are used adaptively to test a variable number and content of items in a computer assisted testing format. All items are rated on a five-option scale based on intensity (e.g. 1 = not at all, 2 = a little bit, 3 = somewhat, 4 = quite a bit, 5 = very much) or frequency ("never" to "always"). Raw scores are converted based on consistent metric (T-distribution) with data from the US general population with a T-score mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.

The NeuroQOL is a self-report of health-related quality of life in 17 domains and sub-domains for adults. Item banks consist of 302 items in total (range from 5 to 45) which are used adaptively to test a variable number and content of items in a computer assisted testing format. All items are rated on a five-option scale based on intensity (e.g. 1 = not at all, 2 = a little bit, 3 = somewhat, 4 = quite a bit, 5 = very much) or frequency ("never" to "always"). Raw scores are converted based on consistent metric (T-distribution) with data from the US general population with a T-score mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.

The NeuroQOL is a self-report of health-related quality of life in 17 domains and sub-domains for adults. Item banks consist of 302 items in total (range from 5 to 45) which are used adaptively to test a variable number and content of items in a computer assisted testing format. All items are rated on a five-option scale based on intensity (e.g. 1 = not at all, 2 = a little bit, 3 = somewhat, 4 = quite a bit, 5 = very much) or frequency ("never" to "always"). Raw scores are converted based on consistent metric (T-distribution) with data from the US general population with a T-score mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.

The NeuroQOL is a self-report of health-related quality of life in 17 domains and sub-domains for adults. Item banks consist of 302 items in total (range from 5 to 45) which are used adaptively to test a variable number and content of items in a computer assisted testing format. All items are rated on a five-option scale based on intensity (e.g. 1 = not at all, 2 = a little bit, 3 = somewhat, 4 = quite a bit, 5 = very much) or frequency ("never" to "always"). Raw scores are converted based on consistent metric (T-distribution) with data from the US general population with a T-score mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.

The NeuroQOL is a self-report of health-related quality of life in 17 domains and sub-domains for adults. Item banks consist of 302 items in total (range from 5 to 45) which are used adaptively to test a variable number and content of items in a computer assisted testing format. All items are rated on a five-option scale based on intensity (e.g. 1 = not at all, 2 = a little bit, 3 = somewhat, 4 = quite a bit, 5 = very much) or frequency ("never" to "always"). Raw scores are converted based on consistent metric (T-distribution) with data from the US general population with a T-score mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.

The MRC breathlessness scale comprises five statements that describe almost the entire range of respiratory disability from none (Grade 1) to almost complete incapacity (Grade 5). Full scale from 1-5, with higher score indicating more severe symptoms.

The MRC breathlessness scale comprises five statements that describe almost the entire range of respiratory disability from none (Grade 1) to almost complete incapacity (Grade 5). Full scale from 1-5, with higher score indicating more severe symptoms.

The MRC breathlessness scale comprises five statements that describe almost the entire range of respiratory disability from none (Grade 1) to almost complete incapacity (Grade 5). Full scale from 1-5, with higher score indicating more severe symptoms.

The MRC breathlessness scale comprises five statements that describe almost the entire range of respiratory disability from none (Grade 1) to almost complete incapacity (Grade 5). Full scale from 1-5, with higher score indicating more severe symptoms.

The MRC breathlessness scale comprises five statements that describe almost the entire range of respiratory disability from none (Grade 1) to almost complete incapacity (Grade 5). Full scale from 1-5, with higher score indicating more severe symptoms.

Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is the worsening of symptoms following even minor physical or mental exertion, with symptoms typically worsening 12 to 48 hours after activity and lasting for days or even weeks. The PEM assesses symptom frequency and severity over a 6-month look back period. Frequency is rated on a 5-point Likert scale: 0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = about half the time, 3 = most of the time, and 4 = all of the time. Severity is also rated on a 5-point Likert scale: 0 = symptom not present, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe, 4 = very severe. Total score ranges 0-40, with higher scores indicate worse health outcomes.

Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is the worsening of symptoms following even minor physical or mental exertion, with symptoms typically worsening 12 to 48 hours after activity and lasting for days or even weeks. The PEM assesses symptom frequency and severity over a 6-month look back period. Frequency is rated on a 5-point Likert scale: 0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = about half the time, 3 = most of the time, and 4 = all of the time. Severity is also rated on a 5-point Likert scale: 0 = symptom not present, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe, 4 = very severe. Higher scores indicate worse health outcomes. Total score ranges 0-40, with higher scores indicate worse health outcomes.

Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is the worsening of symptoms following even minor physical or mental exertion, with symptoms typically worsening 12 to 48 hours after activity and lasting for days or even weeks. The PEM assesses symptom frequency and severity over a 6-month look back period. Frequency is rated on a 5-point Likert scale: 0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = about half the time, 3 = most of the time, and 4 = all of the time. Severity is also rated on a 5-point Likert scale: 0 = symptom not present, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe, 4 = very severe. Higher scores indicate worse health outcomes. Total score ranges 0-40, with higher scores indicate worse health outcomes.

Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is the worsening of symptoms following even minor physical or mental exertion, with symptoms typically worsening 12 to 48 hours after activity and lasting for days or even weeks. The PEM assesses symptom frequency and severity over a 6-month look back period. Frequency is rated on a 5-point Likert scale: 0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = about half the time, 3 = most of the time, and 4 = all of the time. Severity is also rated on a 5-point Likert scale: 0 = symptom not present, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe, 4 = very severe. Higher scores indicate worse health outcomes. Total score ranges 0-40, with higher scores indicate worse health outcomes.

Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is the worsening of symptoms following even minor physical or mental exertion, with symptoms typically worsening 12 to 48 hours after activity and lasting for days or even weeks. The PEM assesses symptom frequency and severity over a 6-month look back period. Frequency is rated on a 5-point Likert scale: 0 = none of the time, 1 = a little of the time, 2 = about half the time, 3 = most of the time, and 4 = all of the time. Severity is also rated on a 5-point Likert scale: 0 = symptom not present, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe, 4 = very severe. Total score ranges 0-40, with higher scores indicate worse health outcomes.

The EQ-5D gives a measure of health-related quality of life. The descriptive system gives a weighted index score from 0-1 where 1 is perfect health and 0 is the worst health possible. The visual analogue score is a measure of overall self-rated health status where 100 is the best imaginable health state and 0 is the worst imaginable health state, thus, higher scores indicate better health outcomes.

The EQ-5D gives a measure of health-related quality of life. The descriptive system gives a weighted index score from 0-1 where 1 is perfect health and 0 is the worst health possible. The visual analogue score is a measure of overall self-rated health status where 100 is the best imaginable health state and 0 is the worst imaginable health state, thus, higher scores indicate better health outcomes.

The EQ-5D gives a measure of health-related quality of life. The descriptive system gives a weighted index score from 0-1 where 1 is perfect health and 0 is the worst health possible. The visual analogue score is a measure of overall self-rated health status where 100 is the best imaginable health state and 0 is the worst imaginable health state, thus, higher scores indicate better health outcomes.

The EQ-5D gives a measure of health-related quality of life. The descriptive system gives a weighted index score from 0-1 where 1 is perfect health and 0 is the worst health possible. The visual analogue score is a measure of overall self-rated health status where 100 is the best imaginable health state and 0 is the worst imaginable health state, thus, higher scores indicate better health outcomes.

The EQ-5D gives a measure of health-related quality of life. The descriptive system gives a weighted index score from 0-1 where 1 is perfect health and 0 is the worst health possible. The visual analogue score is a measure of overall self-rated health status where 100 is the best imaginable health state and 0 is the worst imaginable health state, thus, higher scores indicate better health outcomes.

Plasma IL-6 levels as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-6 levels as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body in different ways.

Plasma IL-6 levels as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-6 levels as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-6 levels as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-1 levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-1 levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-1 levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-1 levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-1 levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-10 levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-10 levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-10 levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-10 levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma IL-10 levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma HS-CRP levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma HS-CRP levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma HS-CRP levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma HS-CRP levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Plasma HS-CRP levels: as a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Plasma testing evaluates for evidence of inflammation in the body.

Morning salivary cortisol levels: As a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Morning salivary cortisol levels evaluate changes in the body's waking hormone responses, which indicate changes in nervous system activation in response to the intervention.

Morning salivary cortisol levels: As a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Morning salivary cortisol levels evaluate changes in the body's waking hormone responses, which indicate changes in nervous system activation in response to the intervention.

Morning salivary cortisol levels: As a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Morning salivary cortisol levels evaluate changes in the body's waking hormone responses, which indicate changes in nervous system activation in response to the intervention.

Morning salivary cortisol levels: As a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Morning salivary cortisol levels evaluate changes in the body's waking hormone responses, which indicate changes in nervous system activation in response to the intervention.

Morning salivary cortisol levels: As a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation. Morning salivary cortisol levels evaluate changes in the body's waking hormone responses, which indicate changes in nervous system activation in response to the intervention.

End-tidal CO2 levels: As a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation measured using a capnograph. Patients with post-COVID dysautonomia will be hypocapnic (low end-tidal CO2). High or low levels of end-tidal CO2 can drive symptoms in patients.

End-tidal CO2 levels: As a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation measured using a capnograph. Patients with post-COVID dysautonomia will be hypocapnic (low end-tidal CO2). High or low levels of end-tidal CO2 can drive symptoms in patients.

End-tidal CO2 levels: As a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation measured using a capnograph. Patients with post-COVID dysautonomia will be hypocapnic (low end-tidal CO2). High or low levels of end-tidal CO2 can drive symptoms in patients.

End-tidal CO2 levels: As a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation measured using a capnograph. Patients with post-COVID dysautonomia will be hypocapnic (low end-tidal CO2). High or low levels of end-tidal CO2 can drive symptoms in patients.

End-tidal CO2 levels: As a metric of sympathetic nervous system activation measured using a capnograph. Patients with post-COVID dysautonomia will be hypocapnic (low end-tidal CO2). High or low levels of end-tidal CO2 can drive symptoms in patients.