Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Patients With HIV: Effects on Interleukin-6 Levels and CD4 Counts

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by persistent immune activation and chronic inflammation, which may continue despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), have been associated with disease progression, immune dysfunction, and increased morbidity in individuals living with HIV.

Vitamin D3 has been recognized for its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. It plays a role in both innate and adaptive immune responses, including the regulation of T-cell function and cytokine production. Several studies suggest that Vitamin D deficiency is common among patients with HIV and may contribute to impaired immune recovery and ongoing inflammation despite ART.

This study is designed to evaluate the effect of Vitamin D3 supplementation on inflammatory and immunological parameters in patients with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy. Participants will receive oral Vitamin D3 supplementation at a dose of 5000 IU daily for 3 months. The primary outcomes include changes in Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and CD4 counts, which serve as indicators of systemic inflammation and immune status, respectively.

The findings of this study are expected to provide further evidence regarding the potential role of Vitamin D3 as an adjunctive therapy in improving immune function and reducing inflammation in patients with HIV. This may contribute to the development of more comprehensive management strategies for individuals living with HIV.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients diagnosed with HIV stage 1 or 2 who have been receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) with a TLD regimen for at least 6 months at Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia
• Age 19 to 59 years
• Willing to participate in the study and provide informed consent
• Not currently taking any other vitamin supplements

Exclusion criteria

• Patients who discontinue treatment (dropout) or die during the study period
• Patients who experience allergic reactions to Vitamin D3 supplementation