Vitamin D Supplementation in Younger Women

Vitamin D is a unique nutrient in that its requirement can be met by both endogenous production from sun and from diet, which makes it difficult to determine the actual requirements as for other nutrients. The current recommended dietary reference intake (DRI) for vitamin D is 200 IU for adults between 25- 50 years, 400 IU for adults between 51-70 years and 600 IU for adults 70 years of age. In view of many scientists in the field of vitamin D, the current DRI of vitamin D is too low. This is mainly because of the increase in prevalence of vitamin D deficiency observed in the population based on measured serum 25OHD levels. It is now recognized that serum 25OHD is an indicator of vitamin D status. There is a growing consensus that serum 25OHD concentration of at least 30-32 ng/ml are needed to reduce serum Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and reduce bone loss. Also, research over the last two decades has provided additional evidence that higher vitamin D levels (25OHD 30ng/ml) are necessary for optimum overall health and prevent disease. There is no clear view of the amount of vitamin D intake required to maintain the optimum level of serum 25OHD levels in the population of all ages and there are no systematic dose response studies of vitamin D in women of all ages. A few studies carried out with different sexes and age groups have suggested that an untreated subject with a serum 25OHD concentration of 20 ng/ml would need a daily dose of ~1700 IU/d of Vitamin D3 to reach a serum 25OHD of 32 ng/ml in Caucasians, while in African Americans the Vitamin D3 requirement would be higher - 1860-2480 IU/d.

The current proposal aims at studying the dose response effect of vitamin D3 400 IU, 800 IU,1600 IU and 2400 IU or placebo on serum 25OHD and serum PTH in young women with vitamin D insufficiency (serum 25OHD <20 ng/ml) and an adequate calcium intake of 1000mg/day.

Another aim of the study is to establish the minimum effective dose of vitamin D3 which Normalizes PTH in Caucasian and African American young women. Vitamin D dose that reduces serum PTH to normal level in 97% of normal population is the recommended dietary allowance.

We will also establish the safety of these higher doses of vitamin D supplementation relating to hypercalcemia/hypercalcuria.

Inclusion criteria

• Premenopausal women, minimum age 25 years, maximum age 45 years. (Women with hysterectomy and/or oophorectomy must have a premenopausal FSH level.)
• Serum 25OHD level: 5 - 20 ng/ml
• BMI < 45 kg/m2.
• Willing to discontinue vitamin D supplements after entering the study.
• Negative pregnancy test before BMD and calcium absorption tests.
• Willing to give signed informed consent form
• Subject is Caucasian or African American

Exclusion criteria

• Cancer (exceptions: basal cell carcinoma or if cancer occurred more than 10 years ago) or terminal illness.
• Previous hip fracture.
• Hemiplegia.
• Uncontrolled type I diabetes ± significant proteinuria or fasting blood sugar >140 mg in type II diabetes.
• Kidney stones- > 2 in a lifetime.
• Chronic renal failure (serum creatinine >1.4 mg/dl).
• Evidence of chronic liver disease, including alcoholism.
• Physical conditions such as severe osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, heart failure severe enough to prevent reasonable physical activity.
• Previous treatment with bisphosphonates (more that 3 months), PTH or PTH derivatives, (e.g. Teriparatide) or Fluoride in the last 6 months.
• Previous treatment within the last 6 months with calcitonin or estrogen (except birth control pills).
• Chronic high dose corticosteroid therapy (> 10 mg/day) for over 6 months and not within the last 6 months.
• Anticonvulsant therapy. (Dilantin, Phenobarbital)
• High dose thiazide therapy (> 37.5 mg).
• 24 hour urine calcium > 290 mg on 2 baseline tests.
• Serum calcium exceeding upper normal limit on 2 baseline tests.
• BMD. T-score less than -3.0 for spine or hip.