Visuo-Vestibular VR-based Stimulation Effects on Balance and Gait in Stroke Survivors

The Mini-BESTest is a clinical scale used to assess balance and fall risk, consisting of 14 items covering anticipatory, reactive, dynamic balance, and transfers.

Scoring: ranges from 0 (worst balance) to 28 (best balance); higher scores indicate better performance, while lower scores indicate greater fall risk or postural deficits.

The Mini-BESTest is a clinical scale used to assess balance and fall risk, consisting of 14 items covering anticipatory, reactive, dynamic balance, and transfers.

Scoring: ranges from 0 (worst balance) to 28 (best balance); higher scores indicate better performance, while lower scores indicate greater fall risk or postural deficits.

The Mini-BESTest is a clinical scale used to assess balance and fall risk, consisting of 14 items covering anticipatory, reactive, dynamic balance, and transfers.

Scoring: ranges from 0 (worst balance) to 28 (best balance); higher scores indicate better performance, while lower scores indicate greater fall risk or postural deficits.

The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is a clinical tool used to assess static and dynamic balance through 14 functional tasks, such as standing, reaching, and turning.

Scoring: ranges from 0 (poor balance) to 56 (excellent balance); higher scores indicate better balance, while lower scores suggest increased risk of falls.

The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is a clinical tool used to assess static and dynamic balance through 14 functional tasks, such as standing, reaching, and turning.

Scoring: ranges from 0 (poor balance) to 56 (excellent balance); higher scores indicate better balance, while lower scores suggest increased risk of falls.

The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is a clinical tool used to assess static and dynamic balance through 14 functional tasks, such as standing, reaching, and turning.

Scoring: ranges from 0 (poor balance) to 56 (excellent balance); higher scores indicate better balance, while lower scores suggest increased risk of falls.

The Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), also called the Tinetti Test, evaluates gait and balance to estimate fall risk in older adults. It includes two sections: balance (sitting, standing, turning) and gait (initiation, step length, symmetry).

Scoring: total ranges from 0 (highest fall risk / worst performance) to 28 (lowest fall risk / best performance); higher scores indicate better mobility and lower fall risk.

The Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), also called the Tinetti Test, evaluates gait and balance to estimate fall risk in older adults. It includes two sections: balance (sitting, standing, turning) and gait (initiation, step length, symmetry).

Scoring: total ranges from 0 (highest fall risk / worst performance) to 28 (lowest fall risk / best performance); higher scores indicate better mobility and lower fall risk.

The Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), also called the Tinetti Test, evaluates gait and balance to estimate fall risk in older adults. It includes two sections: balance (sitting, standing, turning) and gait (initiation, step length, symmetry).

Scoring: total ranges from 0 (highest fall risk / worst performance) to 28 (lowest fall risk / best performance); higher scores indicate better mobility and lower fall risk.

The Modified Barthel Index (MBI) is a scale that measures a person's independence in activities of daily living (ADLs), such as feeding, bathing, dressing, and mobility.

Scoring: ranges from 0 (completely dependent) to 100 (completely independent); higher scores indicate greater independence, lower scores indicate more severe dependency.

The Modified Barthel Index (MBI) is a scale that measures a person's independence in activities of daily living (ADLs), such as feeding, bathing, dressing, and mobility.

Scoring: ranges from 0 (completely dependent) to 100 (completely independent); higher scores indicate greater independence, lower scores indicate more severe dependency.

The Modified Barthel Index (MBI) is a scale that measures a person's independence in activities of daily living (ADLs), such as feeding, bathing, dressing, and mobility.

Scoring: ranges from 0 (completely dependent) to 100 (completely independent); higher scores indicate greater independence, lower scores indicate more severe dependency.

The Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS-QOL) is a questionnaire designed to assess health-related quality of life in stroke survivors, covering physical, emotional, cognitive, and social domains.

Scoring: total scores typically range from 49 (worst quality of life) to 245 (best quality of life), with higher scores reflecting better perceived well-being and function.

The Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS-QOL) is a questionnaire designed to assess health-related quality of life in stroke survivors, covering physical, emotional, cognitive, and social domains.

Scoring: total scores typically range from 49 (worst quality of life) to 245 (best quality of life), with higher scores reflecting better perceived well-being and function.

The Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS-QOL) is a questionnaire designed to assess health-related quality of life in stroke survivors, covering physical, emotional, cognitive, and social domains.

Scoring: total scores typically range from 49 (worst quality of life) to 245 (best quality of life), with higher scores reflecting better perceived well-being and function.

The User Satisfaction Evaluation Questionnaire (USEQ) is a tool used to measure users' satisfaction with a device, system, or service, focusing on usability, comfort, and overall experience.

Scoring: typically ranges from 6 (lowest satisfaction) to 30 (highest satisfaction); higher scores indicate greater user satisfaction, while lower scores suggest issues or dissatisfaction.

The User Satisfaction Evaluation Questionnaire (USEQ) is a tool used to measure users' satisfaction with a device, system, or service, focusing on usability, comfort, and overall experience.

Scoring: typically ranges from 6 (lowest satisfaction) to 30 (highest satisfaction); higher scores indicate greater user satisfaction, while lower scores suggest issues or dissatisfaction.

The User Satisfaction Evaluation Questionnaire (USEQ) is a tool used to measure users' satisfaction with a device, system, or service, focusing on usability, comfort, and overall experience.

Scoring: typically ranges from 6 (lowest satisfaction) to 30 (highest satisfaction); higher scores indicate greater user satisfaction, while lower scores suggest issues or dissatisfaction.

The instrumental motor assessment will be performed using seven wearable inertial sensors (128 Hz, Opal, APDM, Portland, Oregon, USA), which operate with an internal battery and are completely wireless. Each inertial sensor contains a triaxial accelerometer, capable of measuring accelerations along its three axes, which will align with the body axes (antero-posterior, lateral-lateral, cranio-caudal), and a triaxial gyroscope to measure angular velocities around these same axes. The seven wearable sensors will be placed using elastic supports at the level of the lambdoid suture of the skull, trunk, sacrum (L4-L5), tibias, and wrists. Accelerations and angular velocities of the body segments of interest will be measured, and from these, various parameters will be extrapolated both in the time and frequency domains. The motor assessment using inertial sensors will be conducted during the execution of four motor tasks: The 10 Meter Walk Test, The Fukuda Stepping Test, The Figure-of-8 Walk

The instrumental motor assessment will be performed using seven wearable inertial sensors (128 Hz, Opal, APDM, Portland, Oregon, USA), which operate with an internal battery and are completely wireless. Each inertial sensor contains a triaxial accelerometer, capable of measuring accelerations along its three axes, which will align with the body axes (antero-posterior, lateral-lateral, cranio-caudal), and a triaxial gyroscope to measure angular velocities around these same axes. The seven wearable sensors will be placed using elastic supports at the level of the lambdoid suture of the skull, trunk, sacrum (L4-L5), tibias, and wrists. Accelerations and angular velocities of the body segments of interest will be measured, and from these, various parameters will be extrapolated both in the time and frequency domains. The motor assessment using inertial sensors will be conducted during the execution of four motor tasks: The 10 Meter Walk Test, The Fukuda Stepping Test, The Figure-of-8 Walk

The instrumental motor assessment will be performed using seven wearable inertial sensors (128 Hz, Opal, APDM, Portland, Oregon, USA), which operate with an internal battery and are completely wireless. Each inertial sensor contains a triaxial accelerometer, capable of measuring accelerations along its three axes, which will align with the body axes (antero-posterior, lateral-lateral, cranio-caudal), and a triaxial gyroscope to measure angular velocities around these same axes. The seven wearable sensors will be placed using elastic supports at the level of the lambdoid suture of the skull, trunk, sacrum (L4-L5), tibias, and wrists. Accelerations and angular velocities of the body segments of interest will be measured, and from these, various parameters will be extrapolated both in the time and frequency domains. The motor assessment using inertial sensors will be conducted during the execution of four motor tasks: The 10 Meter Walk Test, The Fukuda Stepping Test, The Figure-of-8 Walk

The assessment of vestibular function will be performed using the Video Head Impulse Test, vHIT OtosuiteV®, GN Otometrics, Denmark. Data related to the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) during the Head Impulse Paradigm (HIMP) and the Suppression Head Impulse Paradigm (SHIMP) will be considered.

The assessment of vestibular function will be performed using the Video Head Impulse Test, vHIT OtosuiteV®, GN Otometrics, Denmark. Data related to the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) during the Head Impulse Paradigm (HIMP) and the Suppression Head Impulse Paradigm (SHIMP) will be considered.

The assessment of vestibular function will be performed using the Video Head Impulse Test, vHIT OtosuiteV®, GN Otometrics, Denmark. Data related to the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) during the Head Impulse Paradigm (HIMP) and the Suppression Head Impulse Paradigm (SHIMP) will be considered.