Virtual Reality Walking for Neuropathic Pain in Spinal Cord Injury

The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) measures pain intensity measured via 0-10 numeric rating scale.

Range of scores: 0-10

The Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) was designed to assess the distinct pain qualities associated with neuropathic pain.The NPS consists of 10 items. Seven of the 10 items contain the words intense, sharp, hot, dull, cold, and itchy to characterize the patient's pain and the word sensitive to describe the patient's pain reaction to light touch or clothing.One item describes the time quality of the pain (all the time or some of the time). The ninth item describes the overall unpleasantness of the pain, whereas the last item indicates the intensity of the deep and surface pain. In the NPS each item is rated separately. All the items are rated 0-10 scale, with higher score indicative of more neuropathic pain for each type of respective pain.

Range of scores: 0-10 for each item.

Doleur Neuropatique 4 is a 10 item survey that evaluates neuropathic pain following central and neurological lesions. It has components of how the pain feels to the patient (e.g. burning, cold, electrical shocks, tingling, hypoaesthesia). Responses to each item is yes or no, with each yes response equaling one point.

Range of scores: 0-10. 4/10 and greater indicate neuropathic pain.

Pain interference measured International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Basic Data Set version 2.0 interference items. There are 3 pain interference items using a 0-10 numeric rating scale for each item. Items can be assessed by summing the score or by individual assessment of items.

Summed range of scores: 0-30. Individual item range of scores: 0-10

Pain interference measured by Brief Pain Inventory interference items. 7 items each use a 0-10 scale. Item scores may be assessed individually, or by taking the average score of all items.

Range of Scores: 0-10. Increased scores indicate higher levels of interference due to pain.

Ease of Usefulness, Satisfaction, and Ease of use Questionnaire is a 30 item survey. Subscales include: treatment's usefulness, ease of use, ease of learning, and satisfaction. Each item is presented on a 7-point Likert scale. Each subscale is calculated by averaging all items in subscale.

Range of scores for each subscale: 1-7

Patient treatment evaluation is assessed by the Patient Global Impression of Change. This is a one item 7 point Likert item assessing improvement of the participants overall status.

Range of scores: 1-7

Patient treatment evaluation is assessed by Treatment Evaluation Inventory. This is a 9 item scale with a 5-point Likert responses for each question. The items are scored by summing all items.

Range of scores: 9-45. A higher score indicates greater acceptance of treatment.

Patient treatment evaluation is assessed by semi-structured interviewing. Qualitative feedback from participant experience will be assessed by thematic analyses.

Quality of life and participation are assessed by the SF-Walk Wheel. This is a 36 item assess health concepts which represent basic human values and were relevant to a person's functional status and well-being. The responses are based on a Likert scale. There are the following subscales: Physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, role limitations due to emotional problems, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, social functioning, pain, and general health.

Each item is recoded to a preset value between 0-100 per the scoring key.

Range of scores: 0-100 for each sub-scale. A higher score defines a more favorable health state.

Quality of life is assessed by the Satisfaction with Life Scale. This is a 5 item survey. Response options are a 7-point Likert scale. Items may be assessed individually or by summing items.

Range of scores: 5-35. Higher scores indicate more satisfaction in life

Depression and mood are measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9. This is a 10 item tool. The first 9 items are a 4-point Likert scale assessing depressive symptoms. The first 9 items are summed to determine depressive symptom severity. Item 10 assesses difficulty dealing with items 1-9. Item 10 is not used in scoring severity.

Range of scores: 0-27. Higher scores indicate more depressive symptom severity.

Perceived Disability measured by a modified Pain Disability Index. The rating scales are designed to measure the degree to which aspects of life are disrupted by chronic pain. This is a 7 item survey with response options of 0-10. Each item may be assessed individually, or by summing all items.

Individual item range of scores: 0-10 Total range of scores: 0-70. The higher the index, the greater the person's disability due to pain.

Tellegen Absorption Scale is a 34-item multi-dimensional measure that assesses imaginative involvement and the tendency to become mentally absorbed in everyday activities. Item responses are on a 5-point Likert scale. Items are summed to score.

Range of scores: 0-136. Higher scores indicate greater levels of absorption.

Immersive Tendencies are assessed by the Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire (ITQ). This is an 18-item survey. Item responses use a 7 point Likert scale. Subscales include: focus, involvement, emotions, and play. Each subscale is scored by summing items. A total score is scored by summing all items.

Range of total score: 18-126 Focus range of scores: 5-35 Involvement range of scores: 5-35 Emotions range of scores: 4-28 Play range of scores: 3-21 Higher scores indicate higher immersive tendencies overall and in each sub-scale.

We are studying pain by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) which allows us to identify certain parts of the brain that show how the brain works in controlling pain perception and cognitions.