Virtual Reality Goggle Utilization for Venipuncture Distraction

Change in perceived pain from pre-venipuncture to post-venipuncture (during the blood draw) will be assessed using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating scale. Children, or parents on behalf of children, will be asked to communicate the severity of the pain the child is experiencing using the FACES scale which contains a series of 6 different facial expressions correlated to numbers (i.e., 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) ranging from a happy face at "0" indicating "no hurt" to a crying face at "10" indicating "hurts worst." Higher scale scores signify worse pain severity. Change in group mean FACES scale scores will be summarized by study arm and subsequently analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired data.

Change in anxiety from pre-venipuncture to post-venipuncture (during the blood draw) will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Children, or parents on behalf of children, will be asked to estimate the level of anxiety the child is having by marking their estimate on a visual 0-to-100 millimeter (mm) line ranging from "0" (=Not at all Anxious) to "100" (=Extremely Anxious). The line increases by increments of "1" from left to right. A score of ≥ 30mm is considered anxious. Change in anxiety scores will be summarized by study arm using basic descriptive statistics and subsequently analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired data.

Change in HR from pre-venipuncture to post-venipuncture will be evaluated for those patients on a cardiac monitor. Increased heart rate can be associated with increases in pain and anxiety. Group mean changes in heart will be summarized by study arm and subsequently analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired data.

Change in Level of simulator sickness from pre-venipuncture (pre-placement of Virtual Reality goggles) to post-venipuncture (removal of VR goggles) will be assessed using a Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. The survey consists for 4 questions related to the possible side effects of using the VR goggles. Children, or parents on behalf of children, will be asked to respond to the following 4 questions on a scale ranging from 1-10: Does your head hurt? Do your eyes hurt? Do you have an upset stomach? Do you feel dizzy? Total scores will be summed for an overall possible scoring range of 4-40 with higher scores indicating worse sickness symptoms. Change in simulator sickness scores will be summarized by study arm.

Level of pre venipuncture anxiety scores in participants with prior hospitalizations or prior medical problems will be evaluated. Anxiety scores will be collected using the VAS tool. Children, or parents on behalf of children, will be asked to estimate the level of anxiety the child is having by marking their estimate on a visual 0-to-100mm line ranging from "0" (=Not at all Anxious) to "100" (=Extremely Anxious). The line increases by increments of "1" from left to right. A score of ≥ 30mm is considered anxious. Prior hospitalization data and prior medical problem information will be extracted via chart review. Anxiety scores will be summarized by study arm using basic descriptive statistics. An independent t test will be used to asses whether anxiety scores are normally distributed or Mann U test if not normally distributed.