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Completed

NCT Number: NCT07711873

Virtual Reality-based Training for Safe Medication Administration Among Nursing Students

This study evaluated a virtual reality-based training programme designed to support safe medication administration among undergraduate nursing students. Medication administration is a core nursing competency, but students often have limited opportunities to practise medication safety scenarios repeatedly before entering clinical settings. Virtual reality provides an immersive and repeatable simulated environment for practising routine, high-alert, and semi-emergency medication administration scenarios without risk to patients.

Third- and fourth-year undergraduate nursing students at a healthcare university in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, were randomly allocated to two groups. Group A received the VR training first, while Group B served as a wait-list comparison group and received the same training later, after crossover. The intervention consisted of three 90-minute sessions, each including pre-briefing, immersive VR simulation, and PEARLS-informed debriefing. Outcomes included confidence in medication administration, self-reported safe medication practice, system usability, and cybersickness symptoms.

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Key information

Conditions

Patient Safety Education, Nursing Medication Errors

Age range

18 year and older

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Enrolled as a third- or fourth-year undergraduate nursing student during the study period
  • Aged 18 years or older

Exclusion criteria

  • Health condition contraindicating virtual reality use
  • On academic leave during the study period
  • Unable to attend the scheduled study sessions

Treatment and study plan

VR-based medication administration training (AcroXeR NursingVR)

Behavioral

The intervention consisted of three 90-minute VR-based medication administration training sessions covering routine, high-alert, and semi-emergency medication administration scenarios. Each session included pre-briefing, immersive VR simulation, and PEARLS-informed debriefing.

Primary outcomes

  1. Confidence in medication administration

    Time frame: Baseline (before any training); approximately 5 weeks after baseline (about 1 week after Group A completed VR training, while Group B remained on the wait-list); approximately 3 months after baseline (about 1 week after Group B completed VR training).

    Confidence in medication administration was measured using a 6-item self-report scale. Each item was rated from 1 (not at all confident) to 5 (extremely confident). Total scores range from 6 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater confidence.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Self-reported safe medication practice

    Time frame: Baseline (before any training); approximately 5 weeks after baseline (about 1 week after Group A completed VR training, while Group B remained on the wait-list); approximately 3 months after baseline (about 1 week after Group B completed VR training).

    Self-reported safe medication practice was assessed using the 28-item Patient Safety Assessment in Medication Administration. Each item was rated from 1 (never) to 5 (always). Total scores range from 28 to 140, with higher scores indicating more frequent adherence to safe medication administration practices.

  2. System usability

    Time frame: Approximately 1 week after each group completed VR training (approximately 5 weeks after baseline for Group A and approximately 3 months after baseline for Group B).

    Usability of the VR system was assessed using the 10-item System Usability Scale. Scores were converted to a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores indicating better perceived usability.

  3. Cybersickness symptoms

    Time frame: Approximately 1 week after each group completed VR training (approximately 5 weeks after baseline for Group A and approximately 3 months after baseline for Group B).

    Cybersickness was assessed using the 16-item Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. Items were rated from 0 (none) to 3 (severe), and nausea, oculomotor, disorientation, and total scores were calculated using the standard scoring method.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City

Other

Collaborators

  • Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA)

Registry information

Official study title

Virtual Reality-based Training for Safe Medication Administration Among Nursing Students: a Randomized Wait-list Crossover Trial

Important dates

Study start
2024
Primary completion
2025
Study completion
2025
First posted
Jul 17, 2026
Registry last updated
Jul 17, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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