Veteran Ear Acupuncture Pilot Project

30 veterans who have repeatedly had good responses to BFA will be invited to participate. The PI and his collaborators will give standardized education (BFA training) to the veterans in a group session to teach them how to self-administer the BFA. The BFA training will be identical to that used by the VA for providers except that the training will focus on self-administration. The participants will be given needles in a manner similar to a prescription medication (i.e. controlled by the provider). They will self-administer BFA every two weeks for a total of 6 months and record their response in a standardized BFA template. Providers will call participants at intervals of two to four weeks to retrieve this data and assess for any adverse events other than minor bleeding, scratches and dizziness.

A plastic, custom-molded prosthesis will be developed during the first several months using 3D-scanning and 3D-printing. This prosthesis will be wearable over the ear and will have holes directly over the relevant acupuncture points to facilitate insertion. At the 3-month mark, participants will be given these. If this turns out to not be feasible with the available resources, work on this will cease for the remainder of the project. At the end of the study, participants will be asked whether the prosthesis made a significant difference in the ease of administration and open-ended comments regarding their experience will also be solicited.

Inclusion criteria

• Clinical diagnosis of chronic pain from any etiology
• Participant is physically and cognitively able to self-administer auricular acupuncture. This will be determined by the investigator during the educational sessions.
• Participants taking anti-coagulant or anti-platelet medications will be allowed to participate if they acknowledge an increased risk of bleeding

Exclusion criteria

• Condition causing ongoing immunocompromised state (e.g. overt AIDS, chemotherapy, anti-rejection medications)
• Acquired or congenital defects in the tympanic membrane
• Pregnancy
• Severe cognitive impairment
• Physical disability precluding self-administration of auricular acupuncture
• History of severe vasovagal reaction to acupuncture needling
• History of endocarditis
• History of artificial heart valve
• History of implanted device to support cardiac function
• Participation will be terminated for participants who use the acupuncture needles in any way other than instructed

Exclusion criteria

include those who do not wish to participate and those who have significant contraindications to AA (auricular acupuncture) or indwelling acupuncture. These include: being immunocompromised, congenital or acquired defects in the tympanic membrane, pregnancy, severe cognitive impairment, inability to perform BFA on themselves. Medical anti-coagulation is not an automatic exclusion as many patients on these medications will not have any issues with bleeding with BFA. Those who have history of severe vasovagal/syncopal or other adverse response to skin puncture will also be excluded. Those with artificial heart valves or those with a history of heart valve infection are excluded because of risk of endocarditis. Pregnant patients will be excluded from this study to eliminate the possibility of harm to pregnant patients and developing children. Medical conditions that would exclude someone from using BFA include: 1) those with replacement heart valves; 2) those with history of heart valve infection; 3) those who are pregnant; 4) those who have a pacemaker, defibrillator, or other similar electronic device; 5) those who are afraid of needles, 6) those who are scheduled for an MRI; 7) those with non-medication induced bleeding disorders.

Participants will be removed from the study if it is discovered they are using the needles in a manner that is inconsistent with the protocol.