Vascular Function, Sarcopenia and Pain in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

FMD is a non-invasive technique. It was assessed using an ultrasound approach with a high-resolution linear array transducer coupled with computer-assisted analysis software. With this software, changes in the brachial artery could be assessed in real-time through an automated edge detection system. Longitudinal images of the brachial artery were obtained with the transducer fixed on the medial aspect of the dominant arm, approximately 2 cm above the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The transducer was fixed on the arm by a special arm-holding device. The brachial artery diameter was acquired as per a 30 s baseline measure, after which a cuff was placed around forearm (3 cm above wrist) and inflated to 250 mm Hg for 5 min. After cuff deflation, the brachial artery diameter was continuously monitored for 2-4 min to detect the peak artery diameter. FMD was determined as the percentage change in diameter from baseline to peak arterial diameter.

FMD is a non-invasive technique. It was assessed using an ultrasound approach with a high-resolution linear array transducer coupled with computer-assisted analysis software. With this software, changes in the brachial artery could be assessed in real-time through an automated edge detection system. Longitudinal images of the brachial artery were obtained with the transducer fixed on the medial aspect of the dominant arm, approximately 2 cm above the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The transducer was fixed on the arm by a special arm-holding device. The brachial artery diameter was acquired as per a 30 s baseline measure, after which a cuff was placed around forearm (3 cm above wrist) and inflated to 250 mm Hg for 5 min. After cuff deflation, the brachial artery diameter was continuously monitored for 2-4 min to detect the peak artery diameter. FMD was determined as the percentage change in diameter from baseline to peak arterial diameter.

FMD is a non-invasive technique. It was assessed using an ultrasound approach with a high-resolution linear array transducer coupled with computer-assisted analysis software. With this software, changes in the brachial artery could be assessed in real-time through an automated edge detection system. Longitudinal images of the brachial artery were obtained with the transducer fixed on the medial aspect of the dominant arm, approximately 2 cm above the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The transducer was fixed on the arm by a special arm-holding device. The brachial artery diameter was acquired as per a 30 s baseline measure, after which a cuff was placed around forearm (3 cm above wrist) and inflated to 250 mm Hg for 5 min. After cuff deflation, the brachial artery diameter was continuously monitored for 2-4 min to detect the peak artery diameter. FMD was determined as the percentage change in diameter from baseline to peak arterial diameter.

FMD is a non-invasive technique. It was assessed using an ultrasound approach with a high-resolution linear array transducer coupled with computer-assisted analysis software. With this software, changes in the brachial artery could be assessed in real-time through an automated edge detection system. Longitudinal images of the brachial artery were obtained with the transducer fixed on the medial aspect of the dominant arm, approximately 2 cm above the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The transducer was fixed on the arm by a special arm-holding device. The brachial artery diameter was acquired as per a 30 s baseline measure, after which a cuff was placed around forearm (3 cm above wrist) and inflated to 250 mm Hg for 5 min. After cuff deflation, the brachial artery diameter was continuously monitored for 2-4 min to detect the peak artery diameter. FMD was determined as the percentage change in diameter from baseline to peak arterial diameter.

FMD is a non-invasive technique. It was assessed using an ultrasound approach with a high-resolution linear array transducer coupled with computer-assisted analysis software. With this software, changes in the brachial artery could be assessed in real-time through an automated edge detection system. Longitudinal images of the brachial artery were obtained with the transducer fixed on the medial aspect of the dominant arm, approximately 2 cm above the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The transducer was fixed on the arm by a special arm-holding device. The brachial artery diameter was acquired as per a 30 s baseline measure, after which a cuff was placed around forearm (3 cm above wrist) and inflated to 250 mm Hg for 5 min. After cuff deflation, the brachial artery diameter was continuously monitored for 2-4 min to detect the peak artery diameter. FMD was determined as the percentage change in diameter from baseline to peak arterial diameter.

RHI is a non-invasive technique. It's measure with a digital plethysmographie device that records pulsatile fluctuations in digital volume at rest and during reactive hyperemia. For the RH-PAT procedure, a peripheral arterial tonometry probe was placed on the right index finger and a control tonometry probe was also placed on the left index finger to eliminate sympathetic nerve effects. In the RH-PAT procedure, the RHI value was calculated as the ratio of the reactive hyperemia between the two hands.

RHI is a non-invasive technique. It's measure with a digital plethysmographie device that records pulsatile fluctuations in digital volume at rest and during reactive hyperemia. For the RH-PAT procedure, a peripheral arterial tonometry probe was placed on the right index finger and a control tonometry probe was also placed on the left index finger to eliminate sympathetic nerve effects. In the RH-PAT procedure, the RHI value was calculated as the ratio of the reactive hyperemia between the two hands.

RHI is a non-invasive technique. It's measure with a digital plethysmographie device that records pulsatile fluctuations in digital volume at rest and during reactive hyperemia. For the RH-PAT procedure, a peripheral arterial tonometry probe was placed on the right index finger and a control tonometry probe was also placed on the left index finger to eliminate sympathetic nerve effects. In the RH-PAT procedure, the RHI value was calculated as the ratio of the reactive hyperemia between the two hands.

RHI is a non-invasive technique. It's measure with a digital plethysmographie device that records pulsatile fluctuations in digital volume at rest and during reactive hyperemia. For the RH-PAT procedure, a peripheral arterial tonometry probe was placed on the right index finger and a control tonometry probe was also placed on the left index finger to eliminate sympathetic nerve effects. In the RH-PAT procedure, the RHI value was calculated as the ratio of the reactive hyperemia between the two hands.

RHI is a non-invasive technique. It's measure with a digital plethysmographie device that records pulsatile fluctuations in digital volume at rest and during reactive hyperemia. For the RH-PAT procedure, a peripheral arterial tonometry probe was placed on the right index finger and a control tonometry probe was also placed on the left index finger to eliminate sympathetic nerve effects. In the RH-PAT procedure, the RHI value was calculated as the ratio of the reactive hyperemia between the two hands.

The Flowmetry by Laser Doppler (FLD) is a non-invasive and validated technique for continuous measurement of the endothelial dependent reactivity in local microcirculation. The flow estimated by this technique is based on the assessment of the Doppler shift of low-power laser light, which is scattered by moving red blood cells. Vascular endothelial function in the micro-vascular compartment is assessed using the laser-doppler system PeriFlux 5010 (Perimed) at the level of the skin of the hands by following the response to a reactive hyperemia induced by a temporary occlusion of the brachial artery (same stimulus as for FMD measurement).

The Flowmetry by Laser Doppler (FLD) is a non-invasive and validated technique for continuous measurement of the endothelial dependent reactivity in local microcirculation. The flow estimated by this technique is based on the assessment of the Doppler shift of low-power laser light, which is scattered by moving red blood cells. Vascular endothelial function in the micro-vascular compartment is assessed using the laser-doppler system PeriFlux 5010 (Perimed) at the level of the skin of the hands by following the response to a reactive hyperemia induced by a temporary occlusion of the brachial artery (same stimulus as for FMD measurement).

The Flowmetry by Laser Doppler (FLD) is a non-invasive and validated technique for continuous measurement of the endothelial dependent reactivity in local microcirculation. The flow estimated by this technique is based on the assessment of the Doppler shift of low-power laser light, which is scattered by moving red blood cells. Vascular endothelial function in the micro-vascular compartment is assessed using the laser-doppler system PeriFlux 5010 (Perimed) at the level of the skin of the hands by following the response to a reactive hyperemia induced by a temporary occlusion of the brachial artery (same stimulus as for FMD measurement).

The Flowmetry by Laser Doppler (FLD) is a non-invasive and validated technique for continuous measurement of the endothelial dependent reactivity in local microcirculation. The flow estimated by this technique is based on the assessment of the Doppler shift of low-power laser light, which is scattered by moving red blood cells. Vascular endothelial function in the micro-vascular compartment is assessed using the laser-doppler system PeriFlux 5010 (Perimed) at the level of the skin of the hands by following the response to a reactive hyperemia induced by a temporary occlusion of the brachial artery (same stimulus as for FMD measurement).

The Flowmetry by Laser Doppler (FLD) is a non-invasive and validated technique for continuous measurement of the endothelial dependent reactivity in local microcirculation. The flow estimated by this technique is based on the assessment of the Doppler shift of low-power laser light, which is scattered by moving red blood cells. Vascular endothelial function in the micro-vascular compartment is assessed using the laser-doppler system PeriFlux 5010 (Perimed) at the level of the skin of the hands by following the response to a reactive hyperemia induced by a temporary occlusion of the brachial artery (same stimulus as for FMD measurement).

The carotid-femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is an established index of arterial stiffness. Pulse, which travels at a higher velocity in stiff arterial vessels, is calculated from measurements of pulse transit time and the distance travelled between the 2 considered recording sites (i.e., carotid artery and femoral artery). The measurements are performed using a validated non-invasive device (SphygmoCor; AtCor Medical Pty. Ltd.) that allows online pulse wave recording and automatic PWV calculation [PWV = distance (m)/transit time (s)].

The carotid-femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is an established index of arterial stiffness. Pulse, which travels at a higher velocity in stiff arterial vessels, is calculated from measurements of pulse transit time and the distance travelled between the 2 considered recording sites (i.e., carotid artery and femoral artery). The measurements are performed using a validated non-invasive device (SphygmoCor; AtCor Medical Pty. Ltd.) that allows online pulse wave recording and automatic PWV calculation [PWV = distance (m)/transit time (s)].

The carotid-femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is an established index of arterial stiffness. Pulse, which travels at a higher velocity in stiff arterial vessels, is calculated from measurements of pulse transit time and the distance travelled between the 2 considered recording sites (i.e., carotid artery and femoral artery). The measurements are performed using a validated non-invasive device (SphygmoCor; AtCor Medical Pty. Ltd.) that allows online pulse wave recording and automatic PWV calculation [PWV = distance (m)/transit time (s)].

The carotid-femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is an established index of arterial stiffness. Pulse, which travels at a higher velocity in stiff arterial vessels, is calculated from measurements of pulse transit time and the distance travelled between the 2 considered recording sites (i.e., carotid artery and femoral artery). The measurements are performed using a validated non-invasive device (SphygmoCor; AtCor Medical Pty. Ltd.) that allows online pulse wave recording and automatic PWV calculation [PWV = distance (m)/transit time (s)].

The carotid-femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is an established index of arterial stiffness. Pulse, which travels at a higher velocity in stiff arterial vessels, is calculated from measurements of pulse transit time and the distance travelled between the 2 considered recording sites (i.e., carotid artery and femoral artery). The measurements are performed using a validated non-invasive device (SphygmoCor; AtCor Medical Pty. Ltd.) that allows online pulse wave recording and automatic PWV calculation [PWV = distance (m)/transit time (s)].

The Kauppila score is used to estimate the existence and severity of AAC. This semi-quantitative score is used to assign a score from 0 to 3, depending on the severity of vascular calcification, for the anterior and posterior walls of the aortic vessel wall, opposite each lumbar vertebrae from L1 to L4. A maximum score of 24 is thus obtained.

The Kauppila score is used to estimate the existence and severity of AAC. This semi-quantitative score is used to assign a score from 0 to 3, depending on the severity of vascular calcification, for the anterior and posterior walls of the aortic vessel wall, opposite each lumbar vertebrae from L1 to L4. A maximum score of 24 is thus obtained.

Consists of 5 questions and a score higher than 4 suggests the presence of sarcopenia (or age-related muscular dystrophy). On the other hand, if the score is less than or equal to 3, the patient is diagnosed as "non-sarcopenic" but tests must be repeated regularly in clinical practice.

Consists of 5 questions and a score higher than 4 suggests the presence of sarcopenia (or age-related muscular dystrophy). On the other hand, if the score is less than or equal to 3, the patient is diagnosed as "non-sarcopenic" but tests must be repeated regularly in clinical practice.

Consists of 5 questions and a score higher than 4 suggests the presence of sarcopenia (or age-related muscular dystrophy). On the other hand, if the score is less than or equal to 3, the patient is diagnosed as "non-sarcopenic" but tests must be repeated regularly in clinical practice.

Consists of 5 questions and a score higher than 4 suggests the presence of sarcopenia (or age-related muscular dystrophy). On the other hand, if the score is less than or equal to 3, the patient is diagnosed as "non-sarcopenic" but tests must be repeated regularly in clinical practice.

Consists of 5 questions and a score higher than 4 suggests the presence of sarcopenia (or age-related muscular dystrophy). On the other hand, if the score is less than or equal to 3, the patient is diagnosed as "non-sarcopenic" but tests must be repeated regularly in clinical practice.

The Short Physical Performance Battery is the sum of the scores on three criteria: the balance test, the walking speed test and the chair lift test. This test is used to evaluate the physical performance of an individual. Adding the scores of all the tests gives an overall performance score. A score below 8 is an indicator of risk of sarcopenia (0-6 low performance 7-9, intermediate; 10-12 high).

The Short Physical Performance Battery is the sum of the scores on three criteria: the balance test, the walking speed test and the chair lift test. This test is used to evaluate the physical performance of an individual. Adding the scores of all the tests gives an overall performance score. A score below 8 is an indicator of risk of sarcopenia (0-6 low performance 7-9, intermediate; 10-12 high).

The Short Physical Performance Battery is the sum of the scores on three criteria: the balance test, the walking speed test and the chair lift test. This test is used to evaluate the physical performance of an individual. Adding the scores of all the tests gives an overall performance score. A score below 8 is an indicator of risk of sarcopenia (0-6 low performance 7-9, intermediate; 10-12 high).

The Short Physical Performance Battery is the sum of the scores on three criteria: the balance test, the walking speed test and the chair lift test. This test is used to evaluate the physical performance of an individual. Adding the scores of all the tests gives an overall performance score. A score below 8 is an indicator of risk of sarcopenia (0-6 low performance 7-9, intermediate; 10-12 high).

The Short Physical Performance Battery is the sum of the scores on three criteria: the balance test, the walking speed test and the chair lift test. This test is used to evaluate the physical performance of an individual. Adding the scores of all the tests gives an overall performance score. A score below 8 is an indicator of risk of sarcopenia (0-6 low performance 7-9, intermediate; 10-12 high).

A dynamometer measures grip strength, which decreases with age and is associated with more sarcopenia and cardiovascular comorbidities. The dynamometer is held in the dominant hand, in a sitting position, elbow bent at 90°, shoulders relaxed and forearm in a neutral position. The measurement is taken twice and the highest value is retained. Muscle strength is low when the grip strength is less than 27kg for men or 16kg for women.

A dynamometer measures grip strength, which decreases with age and is associated with more sarcopenia and cardiovascular comorbidities. The dynamometer is held in the dominant hand, in a sitting position, elbow bent at 90°, shoulders relaxed and forearm in a neutral position. The measurement is taken twice and the highest value is retained. Muscle strength is low when the grip strength is less than 27kg for men or 16kg for women.

A dynamometer measures grip strength, which decreases with age and is associated with more sarcopenia and cardiovascular comorbidities. The dynamometer is held in the dominant hand, in a sitting position, elbow bent at 90°, shoulders relaxed and forearm in a neutral position. The measurement is taken twice and the highest value is retained. Muscle strength is low when the grip strength is less than 27kg for men or 16kg for women.

A dynamometer measures grip strength, which decreases with age and is associated with more sarcopenia and cardiovascular comorbidities. The dynamometer is held in the dominant hand, in a sitting position, elbow bent at 90°, shoulders relaxed and forearm in a neutral position. The measurement is taken twice and the highest value is retained. Muscle strength is low when the grip strength is less than 27kg for men or 16kg for women.

A dynamometer measures grip strength, which decreases with age and is associated with more sarcopenia and cardiovascular comorbidities. The dynamometer is held in the dominant hand, in a sitting position, elbow bent at 90°, shoulders relaxed and forearm in a neutral position. The measurement is taken twice and the highest value is retained. Muscle strength is low when the grip strength is less than 27kg for men or 16kg for women.

Body composition analysis by DXA, and quantification of appendicular muscle mass, is the reference method for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. It consists of measuring the appendicular skeletal mass (ASM), i.e. the muscle mass of the upper and lower limbs, or the ASM index (ASMI = ASM/height2). Sarcopenia is confirmed when the MSA is less than 20kg in men and 15kg in women or when the ASMI is less than 7kg/m2 in men and 5.5kg/m2 in women.

Body composition analysis by DXA, and quantification of appendicular muscle mass, is the reference method for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. It consists of measuring the appendicular skeletal mass (ASM), i.e. the muscle mass of the upper and lower limbs, or the ASM index (ASMI = ASM/height2). Sarcopenia is confirmed when the MSA is less than 20kg in men and 15kg in women or when the ASMI is less than 7kg/m2 in men and 5.5kg/m2 in women.

Body composition analysis by DXA, and quantification of appendicular muscle mass, is the reference method for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. It consists of measuring the appendicular skeletal mass (ASM), i.e. the muscle mass of the upper and lower limbs, or the ASM index (ASMI = ASM/height2). Sarcopenia is confirmed when the MSA is less than 20kg in men and 15kg in women or when the ASMI is less than 7kg/m2 in men and 5.5kg/m2 in women.

The PSQI is a self-administered questionnaire with 19 items. It was developed to measure sleep quality in the month prior to the patient interview. This questionnaire includes 7 components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, hypnotic medication use and daytime dysfunction.

The global score (0 to 21) is obtained by adding the sub-scores of the 7 components, each ranging from 0 to 3 points. In the absence of an answer to one or more questions, the subtotal using this question cannot be calculated and will affect the overall score.

The higher the overall score, the greater the impairment in sleep quality. An overall score >5 is an indicator of sleep disturbance.

The PSQI is a self-administered questionnaire with 19 items. It was developed to measure sleep quality in the month prior to the patient interview. This questionnaire includes 7 components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, hypnotic medication use and daytime dysfunction.

The global score (0 to 21) is obtained by adding the sub-scores of the 7 components, each ranging from 0 to 3 points. In the absence of an answer to one or more questions, the subtotal using this question cannot be calculated and will affect the overall score.

The higher the overall score, the greater the impairment in sleep quality. An overall score >5 is an indicator of sleep disturbance.

The PSQI is a self-administered questionnaire with 19 items. It was developed to measure sleep quality in the month prior to the patient interview. This questionnaire includes 7 components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, hypnotic medication use and daytime dysfunction.

The global score (0 to 21) is obtained by adding the sub-scores of the 7 components, each ranging from 0 to 3 points. In the absence of an answer to one or more questions, the subtotal using this question cannot be calculated and will affect the overall score.

The higher the overall score, the greater the impairment in sleep quality. An overall score >5 is an indicator of sleep disturbance.

The PSQI is a self-administered questionnaire with 19 items. It was developed to measure sleep quality in the month prior to the patient interview. This questionnaire includes 7 components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, hypnotic medication use and daytime dysfunction.

The global score (0 to 21) is obtained by adding the sub-scores of the 7 components, each ranging from 0 to 3 points. In the absence of an answer to one or more questions, the subtotal using this question cannot be calculated and will affect the overall score.

The higher the overall score, the greater the impairment in sleep quality. An overall score >5 is an indicator of sleep disturbance.

The PSQI is a self-administered questionnaire with 19 items. It was developed to measure sleep quality in the month prior to the patient interview. This questionnaire includes 7 components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, hypnotic medication use and daytime dysfunction.

The global score (0 to 21) is obtained by adding the sub-scores of the 7 components, each ranging from 0 to 3 points. In the absence of an answer to one or more questions, the subtotal using this question cannot be calculated and will affect the overall score.

The higher the overall score, the greater the impairment in sleep quality. An overall score >5 is an indicator of sleep disturbance.

This self-assessment scale allows the patient to characterize the pain in terms of its intensity and its psychosocial repercussions by means of 11 scales rated from 0 (no pain or does not bother) to 10 (the most horrible pain you can imagine or completely bothers you).

The QCD also asks the patient to black out the painful areas on a diagram (front and back) and to put an "S" if the pain is on the surface or a "P" if it is deep. The questionnaire also asks the patient to indicate what treatment or medication he or she is taking for the pain and what percentage improvement has been obtained.

This self-assessment scale allows the patient to characterize the pain in terms of its intensity and its psychosocial repercussions by means of 11 scales rated from 0 (no pain or does not bother) to 10 (the most horrible pain you can imagine or completely bothers you).

The QCD also asks the patient to black out the painful areas on a diagram (front and back) and to put an "S" if the pain is on the surface or a "P" if it is deep. The questionnaire also asks the patient to indicate what treatment or medication he or she is taking for the pain and what percentage improvement has been obtained.

This self-assessment scale allows the patient to characterize the pain in terms of its intensity and its psychosocial repercussions by means of 11 scales rated from 0 (no pain or does not bother) to 10 (the most horrible pain you can imagine or completely bothers you).

The QCD also asks the patient to black out the painful areas on a diagram (front and back) and to put an "S" if the pain is on the surface or a "P" if it is deep. The questionnaire also asks the patient to indicate what treatment or medication he or she is taking for the pain and what percentage improvement has been obtained.

This self-assessment scale allows the patient to characterize the pain in terms of its intensity and its psychosocial repercussions by means of 11 scales rated from 0 (no pain or does not bother) to 10 (the most horrible pain you can imagine or completely bothers you).

The QCD also asks the patient to black out the painful areas on a diagram (front and back) and to put an "S" if the pain is on the surface or a "P" if it is deep. The questionnaire also asks the patient to indicate what treatment or medication he or she is taking for the pain and what percentage improvement has been obtained.

This self-assessment scale allows the patient to characterize the pain in terms of its intensity and its psychosocial repercussions by means of 11 scales rated from 0 (no pain or does not bother) to 10 (the most horrible pain you can imagine or completely bothers you).

The QCD also asks the patient to black out the painful areas on a diagram (front and back) and to put an "S" if the pain is on the surface or a "P" if it is deep. The questionnaire also asks the patient to indicate what treatment or medication he or she is taking for the pain and what percentage improvement has been obtained.

This scale allows the patient to rate the pain on a scale with a minimum score of 0 (no pain) and a maximum score of 10 (worst pain).

This scale allows the patient to rate the pain on a scale with a minimum score of 0 (no pain) and a maximum score of 10 (worst pain).

This scale allows the patient to rate the pain on a scale with a minimum score of 0 (no pain) and a maximum score of 10 (worst pain).

This scale allows the patient to rate the pain on a scale with a minimum score of 0 (no pain) and a maximum score of 10 (worst pain).

This scale allows the patient to rate the pain on a scale with a minimum score of 0 (no pain) and a maximum score of 10 (worst pain).

It is a self-administered questionnaire completed by the patient and based on the Hamilton scale. The HAD scale is a tool for screening for anxiety and depressive disorders. It includes 14 items rated from 0 to 3. Seven questions relate to anxiety (total A) and seven others to the depressive dimension (total D), thus making it possible to obtain two scores (maximum score for each score = 21).

To screen for anxiety and depressive symptomatology, the following interpretation can be proposed for each of the scores (A and D): ≤ 7: normal case; 8 to 10: borderline case; ≥ 11: abnormal case.

It is a self-administered questionnaire completed by the patient and based on the Hamilton scale. The HAD scale is a tool for screening for anxiety and depressive disorders. It includes 14 items rated from 0 to 3. Seven questions relate to anxiety (total A) and seven others to the depressive dimension (total D), thus making it possible to obtain two scores (maximum score for each score = 21).

To screen for anxiety and depressive symptomatology, the following interpretation can be proposed for each of the scores (A and D): ≤ 7: normal case; 8 to 10: borderline case; ≥ 11: abnormal case.

It is a self-administered questionnaire completed by the patient and based on the Hamilton scale. The HAD scale is a tool for screening for anxiety and depressive disorders. It includes 14 items rated from 0 to 3. Seven questions relate to anxiety (total A) and seven others to the depressive dimension (total D), thus making it possible to obtain two scores (maximum score for each score = 21).

To screen for anxiety and depressive symptomatology, the following interpretation can be proposed for each of the scores (A and D): ≤ 7: normal case; 8 to 10: borderline case; ≥ 11: abnormal case.

It is a self-administered questionnaire completed by the patient and based on the Hamilton scale. The HAD scale is a tool for screening for anxiety and depressive disorders. It includes 14 items rated from 0 to 3. Seven questions relate to anxiety (total A) and seven others to the depressive dimension (total D), thus making it possible to obtain two scores (maximum score for each score = 21).

To screen for anxiety and depressive symptomatology, the following interpretation can be proposed for each of the scores (A and D): ≤ 7: normal case; 8 to 10: borderline case; ≥ 11: abnormal case.

It is a self-administered questionnaire completed by the patient and based on the Hamilton scale. The HAD scale is a tool for screening for anxiety and depressive disorders. It includes 14 items rated from 0 to 3. Seven questions relate to anxiety (total A) and seven others to the depressive dimension (total D), thus making it possible to obtain two scores (maximum score for each score = 21).

To screen for anxiety and depressive symptomatology, the following interpretation can be proposed for each of the scores (A and D): ≤ 7: normal case; 8 to 10: borderline case; ≥ 11: abnormal case.

The quality of life of patients is assessed by the general questionnaire 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) which can be administered by self or hetero-questionnaire. The SF-36 questionnaire was developed from the Medical Outcome Study, a 149-item questionnaire that was developed to assess how the American healthcare system affects the outcome of care. The SF-36 questionnaire is composed of 36 items and makes it possible to assess the physical and mental health of an individual using eleven questions relating to eight aspects of health: Physical activity, limitations due to physical state, physical pain, perceived health, vitality, life and relationship with others, limitations due to the mental state and mental health. Scores between 0 and 100 are determined. Scores tending towards 100 indicate a better quality of life.

The quality of life of patients is assessed by the general questionnaire 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) which can be administered by self or hetero-questionnaire. The SF-36 questionnaire was developed from the Medical Outcome Study, a 149-item questionnaire that was developed to assess how the American healthcare system affects the outcome of care. The SF-36 questionnaire is composed of 36 items and makes it possible to assess the physical and mental health of an individual using eleven questions relating to eight aspects of health: Physical activity, limitations due to physical state, physical pain, perceived health, vitality, life and relationship with others, limitations due to the mental state and mental health. Scores between 0 and 100 are determined. Scores tending towards 100 indicate a better quality of life.

The quality of life of patients is assessed by the general questionnaire 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) which can be administered by self or hetero-questionnaire. The SF-36 questionnaire was developed from the Medical Outcome Study, a 149-item questionnaire that was developed to assess how the American healthcare system affects the outcome of care. The SF-36 questionnaire is composed of 36 items and makes it possible to assess the physical and mental health of an individual using eleven questions relating to eight aspects of health: Physical activity, limitations due to physical state, physical pain, perceived health, vitality, life and relationship with others, limitations due to the mental state and mental health. Scores between 0 and 100 are determined. Scores tending towards 100 indicate a better quality of life.

The quality of life of patients is assessed by the general questionnaire 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) which can be administered by self or hetero-questionnaire. The SF-36 questionnaire was developed from the Medical Outcome Study, a 149-item questionnaire that was developed to assess how the American healthcare system affects the outcome of care. The SF-36 questionnaire is composed of 36 items and makes it possible to assess the physical and mental health of an individual using eleven questions relating to eight aspects of health: Physical activity, limitations due to physical state, physical pain, perceived health, vitality, life and relationship with others, limitations due to the mental state and mental health. Scores between 0 and 100 are determined. Scores tending towards 100 indicate a better quality of life.

The quality of life of patients is assessed by the general questionnaire 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) which can be administered by self or hetero-questionnaire. The SF-36 questionnaire was developed from the Medical Outcome Study, a 149-item questionnaire that was developed to assess how the American healthcare system affects the outcome of care. The SF-36 questionnaire is composed of 36 items and makes it possible to assess the physical and mental health of an individual using eleven questions relating to eight aspects of health: Physical activity, limitations due to physical state, physical pain, perceived health, vitality, life and relationship with others, limitations due to the mental state and mental health. Scores between 0 and 100 are determined. Scores tending towards 100 indicate a better quality of life.

The dosage of slerostin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of slerostin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of slerostin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of slerostin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of slerostin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of osteocalcin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of osteocalcin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of osteocalcin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of osteocalcin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of osteocalcin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of periostin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of periostin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of periostin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of periostin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of periostin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of irisin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken on 4 mL heparin tube for irisin dosage.

The dosage of irisin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken on 4 mL heparin tube for irisin dosage.

The dosage of irisin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken on 4 mL heparin tube for irisin dosage.

The dosage of irisin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken on 4 mL heparin tube for irisin dosage.

The dosage of irisin (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken on 4 mL heparin tube for irisin dosage.

The dosage of N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1 (P1NP) (µg/l) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1 (P1NP) (µg/l) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1 (P1NP) (µg/l) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1 (P1NP) (µg/l) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1 (P1NP) (µg/l) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of C-terminal telopeptides of collagen type 1 (CTX) (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of C-terminal telopeptides of collagen type 1 (CTX) (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of C-terminal telopeptides of collagen type 1 (CTX) (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of C-terminal telopeptides of collagen type 1 (CTX) (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

The dosage of C-terminal telopeptides of collagen type 1 (CTX) (ng/ml) will be performed in order to evaluate bone remodeling. For this purpose, a blood sample will be taken using 5 mL dry tubes

Blood sampling: 4 aliquots of 1 ml will be taken from the whole blood sample on EDTA tube, then frozen at -80°C in the premises of the PIC/CIC Inserm 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, France for subsequent analysis.

Blood sampling: 1 EDTA tube of 6 ml will be collected for microRNA. The tube will then be centrifuged and 6 aliquots of 0.5 ml will be prepared (centrifugation 2500G/ 10 min/4°C) then frozen and stored at - 80°C in the premises of the PIC/CIC Inserm 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, France for subsequent analysis.

Blood sampling: 1 EDTA tube of 6 ml will be collected for microRNA. The tube will then be centrifuged and 6 aliquots of 0.5 ml will be prepared (centrifugation 2500G/ 10 min/4°C) then frozen and stored at - 80°C in the premises of the PIC/CIC Inserm 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, France for subsequent analysis.

Blood sampling: 1 EDTA tube of 6 ml will be collected for microRNA. The tube will then be centrifuged and 6 aliquots of 0.5 ml will be prepared (centrifugation 2500G/ 10 min/4°C) then frozen and stored at - 80°C in the premises of the PIC/CIC Inserm 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, France for subsequent analysis.

Blood sampling: 1 EDTA tube of 6 ml will be collected for microRNA. The tube will then be centrifuged and 6 aliquots of 0.5 ml will be prepared (centrifugation 2500G/ 10 min/4°C) then frozen and stored at - 80°C in the premises of the PIC/CIC Inserm 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, France for subsequent analysis.

Blood sampling: 1 EDTA tube of 6 ml will be collected for microRNA. The tube will then be centrifuged and 6 aliquots of 0.5 ml will be prepared (centrifugation 2500G/ 10 min/4°C) then frozen and stored at - 80°C in the premises of the PIC/CIC Inserm 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, France for subsequent analysis.

Stool sampling in order to study the microbiota. The patient must collect the stool at each visit by following the technical instructions described in the explanatory leaflet that will be provided. She must then respect the procedure for the conservation and transport of the stool described in this document. The samples will be stored at the PIC/ CIC Inserm 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, Franced for subsequent analysis.

Stool sampling in order to study the microbiota. The patient must collect the stool at each visit by following the technical instructions described in the explanatory leaflet that will be provided. She must then respect the procedure for the conservation and transport of the stool described in this document. The samples will be stored at the PIC/ CIC Inserm 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, Franced for subsequent analysis.

Stool sampling in order to study the microbiota. The patient must collect the stool at each visit by following the technical instructions described in the explanatory leaflet that will be provided. She must then respect the procedure for the conservation and transport of the stool described in this document. The samples will be stored at the PIC/ CIC Inserm 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, Franced for subsequent analysis.

Stool sampling in order to study the microbiota. The patient must collect the stool at each visit by following the technical instructions described in the explanatory leaflet that will be provided. She must then respect the procedure for the conservation and transport of the stool described in this document. The samples will be stored at the PIC/ CIC Inserm 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, Franced for subsequent analysis.

Stool sampling in order to study the microbiota. The patient must collect the stool at each visit by following the technical instructions described in the explanatory leaflet that will be provided. She must then respect the procedure for the conservation and transport of the stool described in this document. The samples will be stored at the PIC/ CIC Inserm 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, Franced for subsequent analysis.

This parameter will be evaluated according to a statiscal method on all the data collected throughout the study. This statistical method will allow to obtain different trajectories corresponding to therapeutic response profile.