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NCT Number: NCT07562906

Validity and Reliability of the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) in Turkish

The aim of this research is to adapt the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) into Turkish and to evaluate its suitability for the Turkish elderly population through validity and reliability analyses. After the cultural adaptation process is completed, the construct validity of the scale will be evaluated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; its reliability will be assessed through internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest reliability over time (ICC). Accordingly, the study aims to provide a valid and reliable assessment tool for clinicians and researchers who wish to evaluate individual experiences in exergaming-based interventions.

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Key information

Conditions

Geriatric Behavior Elderly Motor Activity

Age range

65 year and older

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Observational

Primary location

Balıkesir Üniversitesi

Balıkesir, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location contact

Bilal Katipoğlu, Assoc. Prof. Dr.

SUB_INVESTIGATOR

GULFİDAN TOKGÖZ, Lecturer, PhD (c)

CONTACT

[email protected]

0552 022 76 32

Nilay ARMAN, Assoc. Prof. Dr.

SUB_INVESTIGATOR

About this study

While regular exercise plays a critical role in maintaining the physical and cognitive health of the growing elderly population, barriers such as lack of motivation, physical limitations, and boredom restrict participation in exercise among the elderly. Multimodal "exergaming" applications, which combine exercise and gamification dynamics, offer an innovative and enjoyable alternative that enhances the motivation, balance, cognitive skills, and coordination of older individuals. The long-term success of exergaming interventions and the sustainability of participation should be evaluated not only by physical outcomes but also by psychosocial motivational parameters such as enjoyment, flow, and sense of control derived from the game. The Exergame Experience Questionnaire (EEQ) stands out in the literature for measuring this experience. However, the EEQ scale, in its current form, is only valid within the English-speaking cultural context. Despite the increasing prevalence of exergaming applications in Türkiye, the lack of a psychometrically robust and culturally adapted measurement tool capable of evaluating this experience in a multidimensional way hinders the individualization of interventions and the measurement of their effectiveness. This study aims to address this deficiency.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Being 65 years of age or older
  • Having participated in an exergaming application at least once before
  • Not having a physical, sensory or cognitive disability that would prevent participation in the exergaming application
  • Agreeing to participate voluntarily and providing informed consent

Exclusion criteria

  • Individuals with active neurological, vestibular, or psychiatric disorders
  • Individuals diagnosed with moderate or severe cognitive impairment (MMSE < 24 and/or MoCA < 21)
  • Individuals with severe hearing or vision loss
  • Individuals who are physically unable to participate in exergaming due to cardiopulmonary or orthopedic reasons
  • Individuals with no prior exergaming experience
  • Individuals who experience significant communication difficulties
  • Participants who do not sign the voluntary consent form

Treatment and study plan

Validity and reliability assessments

Other

The adaptation process of the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) into Turkish will be carried out following the forward-backward translation method proposed by Beaton et al. (2000), which has international validity. In this context, the scale will first be translated from English to Turkish by two independent translators, one a healthcare specialist and the other a professional language expert. These two translations will then be compared to create a common preliminary text; subsequently, this text will be translated back into English by two independent translators whose native language is English and who are familiar with the conceptual content, and any loss of meaning will be evaluated. The resulting Turkish draft will be reviewed by an expert panel for cultural appropriateness, linguistic clarity, and conceptual equivalent; necessary adjustments will be made. Finally, the scale will be piloted on 10 elderly individuals selected from the target population, and feedback on the com

Primary outcomes

  1. Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ)

    Time frame: 2 weeks

    The Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) is a self-report, multidimensional measurement tool developed to assess the level of enjoyment individuals experience while participating in exercise-based digital games (Fitzgerald et al.). The scale allows for a comprehensive assessment of both the structural characteristics of the digital game and the experience related to physical activity (Fitzgerald et al.). The original form of the EEQ consists of a total of 20 items, adapted from scales such as the Game Engagement Questionnaire (GEQ), Immersive Experience Questionnaire (IEQ), and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), which have previously proven their validity and reliability (Fitzgerald et al.).

    Each item is answered using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The scale items are structured in four sub-dimensions: Immersion, Intrinsically Rewarding Activity, User Control, and Exercise Experience. O

Secondary outcomes

  1. Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES)

    Time frame: 1 weeks

    The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES) is a self-report psychometric scale developed to assess the level of enjoyment individuals experience while participating in physical activity (Mullen et al., 2011; Özkurt et al., 2022). The Turkish adapted version of the scale was introduced to the Turkish population by Özkurt et al. (2022) after completing the cultural adaptation process and validity and reliability analyses. PAES has a single-factor structure consisting of 8 items. Each item is answered with a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 7 (Strongly Agree) (Özkurt et al., 2022). High scores obtained from the scale indicate that the individual experiences a high level of enjoyment during physical activity. The scale's internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96) and composite reliability value (CR = 0.95) were found to be high, indicating that the scale has strong psychometric properties (Özkurt et al.,

Study contacts

Contact information is provided by the study sponsor or research team.

GULFİDAN TOKGÖZ, Lecturer, PhD (c)

CONTACT

[email protected]

0552 022 76 32

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Validity and Reliability of the Exergame Enjoyment Questionnaire (EEQ) in a Geriatric Population in Turkish

Important dates

Study start
2026
Primary completion
2026
Study completion
2026
First posted
May 1, 2026
Registry last updated
May 1, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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