Validation of the Polish Version of CPOT

Critically ill patients frequently suffer from pain during their stay in the intensive care unit, as nearly 30% of those patients experience pain at rest and up to 50% experience pain during nursing procedures. Pain experienced by critically ill patients falls into four categories that coexist and overlap: pre-existing chronic pain, acute illness-related pain, continuous ICU treatment-related pain or discomfort and intermittent procedural pain. Moreover, acute pain experienced in the ICU may become a chronic problem after discharge from the unit, as a lifelong ICU footprint. Everyday nursing procedures and interventions (i.e. positioning, mouth and trachea suctioning, wound care, catheter removal or placement, cannulation or intubation) performed in the ICU may be a potential source of pain, therefore there is a clinical need for a simple and easy ICU pain scale to evaluate this condition in patients unable to self-report pain.

Assessment of pain in patients treated in the ICU becomes a daily clinical challenge for the ICU team, especially in those units where deep levels of sedation are used, but also in the minimal sedation environment based on analgesia. Various guidelines and recommendations exist to guide the ICU care team in the pain management and assessment process. Nevertheless, the gold standard for pain assessment is patient's self-report of pain (using numeric raing scale - NRS or visual analog scale - VAS), which can be aided with behavioural scales only when the self-report is unreliable or impossible to obtain. Those observational pain scales include the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) and the Behavioural Pain Scale (BPS) and have been recommended for clinical use in the critically ill adults. However, their validation in a given patient population (cardiac, burn, different languages) is strongly recommended and required.

The need to equip critical care teams with dedicated monitoring tools is clear as early identification warrants early treatment. The CPOT has been developed by ICU professionals, yet it has not been translated or validated in Polish until now.

Inclusion criteria

• Age above 18 years,
• Ability to communicate in the Polish language,
• Intubated or with tracheostomy for more than 48 hours before inclusion with or without mechanical ventilation (controlled modes, spontaneous modes),
• Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) above or equal to -3,
• Unrestricted sight and hearing,
• No limitations for body position changing,
• With no important intervention within last 48 hours prior to inclusion into the study (i.e. operation, tracheostomy).

Exclusion criteria

• A medical need for deep sedation - treatment of severe respiratory failure associated with patient-ventilator dyssynchrony, preventing awareness during neuromuscular blockade, status epilepticus, certain surgical conditions requiring immobility , cases of severe brain injury with intracranial hypertension
• Facial trauma (unable to evaluate facial expression),
• Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) -4 or -5
• Neurological or psychiatric disorders,
• Use of neuromuscular blocking agents,
• Regular narcotic users,
• Chronic pain syndrome patients.