Validation of Respiration Rate Algorithms

Inclusion criteria

• Young Healthy Volunteers

• Participant is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study.
• Male or Female, aged between 18 and 40 years old.
• Older Healthy Volunteers

• Participant is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study.
• Male or Female, aged 70 years or above.
• Patients

• Participant is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study.
• Male or Female, aged 18-70 years old.
• Participant has one of the following conditions:
• Atrial fibrillation
• A permanent pacemaker that is continuously active
• Reduced chest wall movement

Exclusion criteria

• Young Healthy Volunteers

• Any condition which might increase the risk of exercise testing
• Any history of ischaemic heart disease
• Any history of heart failure
• Any structural heart disease (eg: valvular lesions, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy)
• Any abnormalities on a resting ECG
• Deep vein thrombosis diagnosed within the last 6 months or under active treatment
• Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure >220 mm Hg, diastolic >120 mm Hg)
• Aortic aneurysm
• Aortic or cardiovascular surgery within 6 months of recruitment
• A family history of sudden cardiac death, congenital arrhythmia syndromes or cardiomyopathy
• Autonomic dysfunction, either previously diagnosed or upon testing by the research team
• Any condition involving the brain or spinal cord
• Diabetes
• Alcohol consumption > 21 units/week for women and 28 units/week for men or a history of previous alcohol dependence.
• Acute kidney injury
• Chronic kidney disease stage 4 or 5
• Any condition causing hepatic dysfunction
• Presence of a permanent pacemaker (these participants would be eligible for the pacemaker group)
• Reduced chest wall movement (these participants would be eligible for the reduced chest movement group)
• Any acute infection requiring antibiotic treatment within 3 months of recruitment
• Any other surgery or illness requiring hospitalisation within 3 months of recruitment
• Currently taking any medication with the exception of analgesics or the oral contraceptive pill.
• Any wound or skin condition affecting the torso which may be affected by the application of adhesive ECG dots to the skin
• Pregnancy
• Inability to give informed consent
• Older Healthy Volunteers

• Any diagnosed condition primarily affecting the cardiovascular or respiratory systems
• Symptomatic autonomic dysfunction
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Any condition involving the brain or spinal cord
• Diabetes
• Alcohol consumption > 21 units/week for women and 28 units/week for men or a history of previous alcohol dependence.
• Acute kidney injury
• Chronic kidney disease stage 4 or 5
• Any condition causing hepatic dysfunction
• Presence of a permanent pacemaker
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
• Any muscular dystrophy
• Kyphosis
• Scoliosis
• Pectus excavatum
• Any disease involving the lungs or pleura
• Any acute infection requiring antibiotic treatment within 3 months of recruitment
• Any other surgery or illness requiring hospitalisation within 3 months of recruitment
• Currently taking any medication with the exception of analgesics or the oral contraceptive pill.
• Any wound or skin condition affecting the torso which may be affected by the application of adhesive ECG dots to the skin
• Pregnancy
• Inability to give informed consent
• Patients

• Any infection which would require isolation or barrier nursing according to the hospital's infection control policy
• Any wound or skin condition affecting the torso which may be affected by the application of adhesive ECG dots to the skin
• Requirement for any form of artificial ventilatory support, including oxygen therapy
• More than one of the inclusion criteria. (ie: a patient may not have both atrial fibrillation and reduced chest wall movement and be eligible for this study)
• Inability to give informed consent