Validation of Fore-Sight Cerebral & Tissue Oximeter Saturation Measurements on Neonates ≤ 5 kg

Primary outcomes

1. StO2 measurement from intestines, liver and flank at time of venous and arterial blood oxygen saturation.

   Time frame: 1 hour

   At or immediately following an umbilical venous blood draw for CO-oximetry, the FS-II NIRS Small sensor will be briefly placed on the abdominal wall for spot check measurements over the 1) left & 2) right flank, 3) liver and on three intestine locations: just inferior and lateral to the umbilicus in the 4) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) and 5) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) positions, as well as 6) Mid Lower Quadrant (MLQ). Then a reference FS-I measurement of the 7) flank for 2 minutes will be done.

2. Cerebral StO2 measurements from Fore-Sight FS-II monitor and Fore-Sight-I (FS-I) monitor.

   Time frame: 1 hour

   Following abdominal measurements, the FS-II Small sensor will be placed on the head with the following positions in the following sequence 1) forehead, over the frontal cortex for two minutes; 2) the FS-II sensor is lifted off the head and placed back in the same forehead position to make a repeat measurement for two minutes; and 3) on the side of the head above the ear (frontal and parietal cortex) for two minutes. For reference cerebral measurements, a FDA cleared FS-I Small sensor will be placed on the 4) forehead for two minutes; 5) the FS-I sensor will be removed and replaced on the same forehead position to make a repeat measurement for two minutes. The sensors will take a measurement of 2 minutes in each position and 10 minutes total.

3. Pulse and Tissue oxygen saturation and infant activity

   Time frame: 24 hours

   Then two FS-II Small sensors will be attached longer term, one sensor on the forehead and one sensor on the abdomen (RLQ), with neonatal adhesives to allow monitoring for up to 24 hours. Dynamic changes of StO2 at these locations will be observed, along with pulse oximetry SpO2 to capture any acute events such as apnea and bradycardia, which will help in modeling and verifying dynamic StO2 change behavior within the FS-II algorithm. FS-II, and pulse oximetry data will be collected simultaneously on a laptop computer.

4. Stool Interference Index over 24 hrs.

   Time frame: 24 hours

   To calculate abdominal StO2 over the intestine regions, FORE-SIGHT also measures a stool interference index, which is used to compensate the algorithm to calculate StO2 correctly. This stool interference index is hypothesized to be also useful as a bowel motility index based on its variability over time. To test this hypothesis, the following two references for bowel motility will be tested: a) the study site will minimally record the number of stools for a period up to 24 hours. The event field in the laptop computer will be used to note each observation. b) if the study site has the capacity, abdominal ultrasound will be used to observe for the frequency and magnitude of bowel peristalsis. These impressions will be added to an event field in the laptop computer.