Uterine Microbiome in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

The investigators want to describe the endometrial microbiome composition in normal fertile women and women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss by analyzing mid-luteal phase vaginal swab and endometrial biopsy samples using 16S rRNA sequencing.

• Recurrent pregnancy loss patients

Inclusion criteria

• 18-38 years old
• Having a regular menstrual cycle, from 25 to 35 days
• Having ≥ 2 recurrent pregnancy loss and
• Couples with normal karyotype results
• Having no condition causing pregnancy loss such as antiphospholipid syndrome, abnormal thyroid function.
• Agree to participate in the study

Exclusion criteria

• Irregular menstrual cycle
• Having uterine abnormalities (e.g., adenomyosis, intrauterine adhesions, unicornuate/ bicornuate/ arcuate uterus; unremoved hydrosalpinx, endometrial polyp, submucosal fibroid)
• Using intrauterine device within the last 3 months
• Using antibiotic/vaginal pessary/contraceptive pills within 2 weeks
• Having sexual intercourse within 48 hours
• Healthy control patients

Inclusion criteria

• 18-38 years old
• Having a regular menstrual cycle, from 25 to 35 days
• No history of pregnancy loss
• Having 1 or more live birth, with the youngest child ≥ 6 months old
• Agree to participate in the study

Exclusion criteria

• Irregular menstrual cycle
• Having uterine abnormalities (e.g., adenomyosis, intrauterine adhesions, unicornuate/ bicornuate/ arcuate uterus; unremoved hydrosalpinx, endometrial polyp, submucosal fibroid)
• Using intrauterine device within the last 3 months
• Using antibiotic/vaginal pessary/contraceptive pills within 2 weeks
• Having sexual intercourse within 48 hours