Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Develop an Adaptive Psychological Intervention for Young Adults With Chronic Pain

One item from the Brief Pain Inventory will assess momentary pain intensity (yes/no), followed by "How much pain do you feel on average?" (11-point NRS)

Two items from the Brief Pain Inventory will assess pain interference with enjoyment in life, and general activity. Higher scores indicate more interference.

1-item from from the Insomnia Severity Index, "How would you rate the quality of your sleep last night?" will be rated on an 11-point NRS. 10 is equivalent to extremely good sleep and 0 indicates extremely poor sleep.

2-items to collect, "Was anyone with you right before you received this survey?" and "Who were you with right before you received this survey?"

One-item question to collect "Where were you right before receiving this survey?" in addition to GPA data with minute-to-minute mobility patterns collected via the Pathverse app

Two-items to assess fear associated with pain. Ratings of 0 indicate not at all and ratings of 4 indicate all the time

Ten items from the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule will measure the extent to which a positive or negative feeling is experienced on a 5-point likert scale. 1 represents 'very slightly or not at all' and 5 indicates 'extremely'.

Three items from the Pain Catastrophizing Scale will assess the extent of catastrophic thinking due to pain. Higher scores are associated with higher amounts of pain catastrophizing.

Three items from the Brief Pain Inventory will measure pain intensity and pain interference on an 11-point numeric rating scale. 10 indicates 'pain as bad as you can imagine' and 'completely interferes'.

Two items, to assess how kind oneself has been to others and oneself in the past 24 hours. A rating of 0 indicates, 'not at all', and a rating of 10 means 'very much so'.

One item to assess "Over the past 24 hours, how much has your pain brought back memories of times when you felt your pain had taken over your life?" Response options use a 0 through 10 numeric rating scale, 0 indicates 'not at all' and 10 indicates 'Very much so'.

One item to gather what substances were used within the last 24 hours. Response options include: Alcohol, Tobacco, Marijuana, Other (please specify), None of the above.

One item to assess pain coping strategies used in the last 24 hours. Response options include: Distracted myself (e.g., hobbies, fun activities, talk with friends), Tried to relax, Looked for support from someone (talk on the phone, spend time), Didn't let my pain get me down, Still worked to accomplish my goals, Used cold or heat compresses, Drank alcohol, Used a drug, Just accepted my pain, Other (please specify), Nothing

Three items to assess treatments or medications received for pain in the past 24 hours

Three items to measure activity patterns over the past 24 hours. Response options use a likert scale, 0 meaning 'not at all' and 4 indicating 'all the time'.