USDA Healthy Incentives Pilot

Daily adult intake of fresh, canned, frozen, and dried fruits and vegetables without added sugars, fats, oils, or salt, excluding white potatoes, mature legumes (dried beans and peas), and 100% juice.

In total and by USDA food pattern group (all targeted fruits; citrus, melon, and berries; other fruits; all targeted vegetables; dark green vegetables; red & orange vegetables (including tomatoes and other red & orange vegetables); starchy vegetables (excluding white potatoes); and other vegetables.)

Assessed via computer-assisted telephone interview 24-hour dietary recall (Automated Multiple Pass Method).

Measured in cup-equivalents based on USDA Food Pattern Equivalents Database (FPED).

Secondary analyses assessed changes between follow-up rounds.

Daily adult intake of all fruits and vegetables (fresh, canned, frozen, or dried).

In total and by USDA food pattern group (all fruits; citrus, melon, and berries; other fruits; all vegetables; dark green vegetables; red & orange vegetables (including tomatoes and other red & orange vegetables); starchy vegetables (including white potatoes and other starchy vegetables); legumes; and other vegetables.)

Assessed via computer-assisted telephone interview 24-hour dietary recall (Automated Multiple Pass Method).

Measured in cup-equivalents based on USDA Food Pattern Equivalents Database (FPED).

Secondary analyses assessed changes between follow-up rounds.

Daily adult intake of other foods.

By USDA food pattern group (total grains (including whole and refined grains) (ounce-equivalents); total dairy (cup-equivalents); total protein foods (ounce-equivalents); total oils (gram-equivalents); solid fats (gram-equivalents); added sugars (teaspoons); and alcoholic drinks (drinks)).

Assessed via computer-assisted telephone interview 24-hour dietary recall (Automated Multiple Pass Method).

Measured in servings based on units as specified in the USDA Food Pattern Equivalents Database (FPED).

Secondary analyses assessed changes between follow-up rounds.

Healthy Eating Index-2010 (Guenther et al. 2014).

Total and component scores (total fruit; whole fruit; total vegetables; beans and greens; whole grains; dairy; total protein foods; seafood and plant proteins; fatty acids; refined grains; sodium; empty calories).

Assessed via computer-assisted telephone interview 24-hour dietary recall (Automated Multiple Pass Method).

Servings calculated based on units as specified in the USDA Food Pattern Equivalents Database (FPED).

Estimated via population ratio method (see Freedman et al. 2010).

Secondary analyses assessed changes between follow-up rounds.

Series of nine individual categorical measures describing current family food environment.

Assessed via computer-assisted telephone interview.

Survey items:

"How often do you...

• Have fruit available at home?
• Have fruit in refrigerator or on counter?
• Have vegetables available at home?
• Have ready-to-eat vegetables in fridge or on counter?
• Have salty snacks at home (chips, crackers)?
• Have lowfat/nonfat milk at home?
• Have soft drinks/fruit drinks (not juice) at home?
• Sit down with family at home for evening meals?
• Cook evening meals at home?"

Response categories: 1=never/no refrigerator or freezer, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=most of the time, 5=always.

Secondary analyses assessed changes between follow-up rounds. Baseline values used as covariates in impact estimation regression models to improve precision.

Two individual binary measures describing exposure to nutrition education and promotion in prior three months.

Assessed via computer-assisted telephone interview.

Survey items:

"In the past three months, have you...

• heard or seen messages about fruits & vegetables?
• attended a nutrition education class or program?"

Response categories: 1=yes, 2=no.

Secondary analyses assessed changes between follow-up rounds. Baseline values used as covariates in impact estimation regression models to improve precision.

Six individual 5-point Likert scales describing current food preferences and beliefs.

Assessed via computer-assisted telephone interview.

Survey items:

"How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements?

• I enjoy trying new foods.
• I enjoy trying new fruits.
• I enjoy trying new vegetables.
• I eat enough fruits to keep me healthy.
• I eat enough vegetables to keep me healthy.
• I often encourage family/friends to eat fruits & vegetables."

Response categories: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree nor disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree.

Secondary analyses assessed changes between follow-up rounds. Baseline values used as covariates in impact estimation regression models to improve precision.

Seven individual 5-pt Likert scales re: barriers to fruit & vegetable consumption.

Assessed via computer-assisted telephone interview.

Svy items:

"How much do you agree/disagree that

• It's hard to eat vegetables b/c I don't know how to prepare them.
• It's hard to eat vegetables b/c they are hard to find where I shop.
• It's hard to eat fruits b/c they are hard to find where I shop.
• I don't eat fruits & vegetables as much as I would like b/c they cost too much.
• I don't eat fruits & vegetables as much as I would like b/c they spoil.
• I don't eat fruits & vegetables as much as I would like b/c my family dislikes them.
• I don't eat fruits & vegetables as much as I would like b/c I don't like them."

Responses: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree nor disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree.

Secondary analyses assessed changes btw follow-up rounds. Baseline values used as covariates in impact regression models to improve precision.

Two individual 5-point Likert scales describing perceived barriers to grocery shopping.

Assessed via computer-assisted telephone interview.

Survey items:

"How often are you kept from grocery shopping by...

• limited transportation?
• the distance to the grocery store?"

Response categories: 1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=most of the time, 5=always.

Secondary analyses assessed changes between follow-up rounds. Baseline values used as covariates in impact estimation regression models to improve precision.

Constructed from SNAP electronic benefit transfer (EBT) transactions data for March-October 2012.

• Household SNAP expenditures per month (total, by retailer type: supermarkets/ superstores, convenience, grocery, farmers markets, other, out of state; and by HIP participation (HIP participating retailers and nonparticipating retailers)
• Household SNAP expenditures per month on targeted fruits and vegetables, including fresh, canned, frozen, and dried fruits and vegetables without added sugars, fats, oils, or salt, excluding white potatoes, mature legumes (dried beans and peas), and 100% juice.

Secondary analyses assessed changes between follow-up rounds.

Self-reported monthly household expenditures, by category.

Assessed via computer-assisted telephone interview.

Survey item:

"Please tell us how much you usually spend per month on....

• Groceries using only SNAP
• Groceries not using SNAP
• Nonfood items
• Restaurants
• All fruits and vegetables"

Secondary analyses assessed changes between follow-up rounds. Baseline values used as covariates in impact estimation regression models to improve precision.

Usual store type for grocery shopping.

Assessed via computer-assisted telephone interview.

Survey item:

"Where do you usually go grocery shopping?

• Large chain grocery store or supermarket
• Discount superstore (such as Walmart)
• Small local store or corner store
• Warehouse club store (such as Sam's Club or Costco)
• Natural or organic supermarket (such as Whole Foods Market)
• Ethnic market
• Farmers market/co-op
• Convenience store (such as 7-11 or mini market)
• Some other location (specify)."

Secondary analyses assessed changes between follow-up rounds. Baseline values used as covariates in impact estimation regression models to improve precision.