Patients were followed up every 12 hours for the presence of urine leakage around the catheter. The presence of urine leakage was monitored by macroscopic examination, wetting of the diaper, and pH meter strip wrapped around the catheter. In addition, urine samples of the urine leakage were collected, and urine pH and leakage pH were compared.
Participation of the patients in the study groups was continued until one or more of the following criteria met:
Urinary leakage around the catheter, Termination of catheterization, Transferring the patient to another unit, Development of Exitus.