Update on the Detection of Frailty in Older Adults

Primary outcomes

1. Manual Grip Strength

   Time frame: Baseline

   The grip strength in both hands will be measured by measuring the maximum grip strength. A bulb dynamometer will be used for this measurement.

2. Quality of Life (EQ-5D-5L)

   Time frame: Baseline

   It will be evaluated by means of the the EuroQol 5-dimensions 5-levels (EQ-5D-5L), which is a generic instrument for measuring health-related quality of life. The patient himself assesses his state of health, in levels of severity by dimensions The first allows the respondent to define the state of health according to the EQ-5D multi-attribute classification system, composed of 5 dimensions (mobility, self-care, activities of daily living, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression), and in each of them there are 3 levels of severity (1, 2 or 3).

3. Basic Activities in Daily Life

   Time frame: Baseline

   The Barthel Index evaluated one's ability to care for him/herself through ten activitiesof daily living like feeding, bathing, grooming, dressing, bowel and bladder control,toileting, chair transfer, ambulation, and stair climbing; the maximum score is 100 pointsand the higher the score, the greater the functional independence of the patient. Thefollowing baseline data regarding age, sex, and admission diagnosis were also collected .

4. Balance

   Time frame: Baseline

   The Trunk Control Test (TCT) evaluated four aspects of trunk movement, swinging to both sides, sitting balance, and rising from the floor; individual items are scored from 0 (incapable) to 12 (ability to perform the movement but with an unusual style) and 25 (ability to perform the movement correctly).

5. Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

   Time frame: Baseline

   To evaluate the pain that the patient has, we use the VAS. This is a 100 mm line that measures pain intensity. The left end of the line represents the absence of pain, while the right end represents the worst pain imaginable. The numerical pain intensity scale adds a numerical graduation where 1 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. The confidence and reliability of this scale has been approved and validated in different studies.

6. Strength

   Time frame: Baseline

   The Medical Research Council Sum Score (MRCSS) strength assessment scale evaluated muscle strength in the upper and lower limbs. The different movements evaluated arescored from 0 to 5 and a maximum score of 60 can be obtained.

7. Anxiety

   Time frame: Baseline

   Anxiety was measured with Spanish version of State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Scores of 20-37 indicate no or low anxiety; 38-44 moderate anxiety; 45-80 high anxiety.

8. Kinesiophobia

   Time frame: Baseline

   Kinesiophobia was measured with Spanish version of Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia. Higher scores denotes greater fear of experiencing pain while moving.

9. Depression

   Time frame: Baseline

   Depressive symptoms were measured with Spanish version of Beck Inventory II. 0-13 normal scores; 14-19 mild; 20-28 moderate; 29-63 severe depression.

10. Risk of Falls

    Time frame: Baseline

    Assessment of fall risk according to the Vivifrail protocol: cumulative number of falls in the past year, cumulative number of falls with physician care, suffer at least 1 fall in the past year, Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and existence of dementia to establish the existence of fall risk (+ or -); the TUG assesses the time it takes to get out of the chair, walk three meters, back to the chair, and to sit down.