Understanding the Role of Doulas in Supporting People With PMADs

The Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI) is a 60-item self-report instrument that measures self-efficacy expectancies for coping with childbirth. In describing the development of the CBSEI, Lowe (1993) reports that the CBSEI scales have excellent internal consistency reliability (0.86 to 0.96) and factor analysis suggested that each CBSEl scale is unidimensional. Validity of the CBSEI was supported by significant positive correlations with the criterion variables of generalized self-efficacy, self-esteem, and internal health locus of control; and significant negative correlations with external health locus of control and learned helplessness. Validity was also supported by significantly higher self-efficacy scores for multiparous as compared to nulliparous pregnant women.

The Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI) is a 60-item self-report instrument that measures self-efficacy expectancies for coping with childbirth. In describing the development of the CBSEI, Lowe (1993) reports that the CBSEI scales have excellent internal consistency reliability (0.86 to 0.96) and factor analysis suggested that each CBSEl scale is unidimensional. Validity of the CBSEI was supported by significant positive correlations with the criterion variables of generalized self-efficacy, self-esteem, and internal health locus of control; and significant negative correlations with external health locus of control and learned helplessness. Validity was also supported by significantly higher self-efficacy scores for multiparous as compared to nulliparous pregnant women.

The Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI) is a 60-item self-report instrument that measures self-efficacy expectancies for coping with childbirth. In describing the development of the CBSEI, Lowe (1993) reports that the CBSEI scales have excellent internal consistency reliability (0.86 to 0.96) and factor analysis suggested that each CBSEl scale is unidimensional. Validity of the CBSEI was supported by significant positive correlations with the criterion variables of generalized self-efficacy, self-esteem, and internal health locus of control; and significant negative correlations with external health locus of control and learned helplessness. Validity was also supported by significantly higher self-efficacy scores for multiparous as compared to nulliparous pregnant women.

The Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI) is a 60-item self-report instrument that measures self-efficacy expectancies for coping with childbirth. In describing the development of the CBSEI, Lowe (1993) reports that the CBSEI scales have excellent internal consistency reliability (0.86 to 0.96) and factor analysis suggested that each CBSEl scale is unidimensional. Validity of the CBSEI was supported by significant positive correlations with the criterion variables of generalized self-efficacy, self-esteem, and internal health locus of control; and significant negative correlations with external health locus of control and learned helplessness. Validity was also supported by significantly higher self-efficacy scores for multiparous as compared to nulliparous pregnant women.

The General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSE) is a 17-item self-report instrument that measures perceived self-efficacy. Internal consistency reliability for the SGSE scale in organizational research has been moderate to high (alpha = .76 to .89) (e.g., Cable & Judge, 1994; Earley & Lituchy, 1991; Gardner & Pierce, 1998; Riggs & Knight, 1994; Schaubroeck & Merritt, 1997; Smith & Foti, 1998).

The General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSE) is a 17-item self-report instrument that measures perceived self-efficacy. Internal consistency reliability for the SGSE scale in organizational research has been moderate to high (alpha = .76 to .89) (e.g., Cable & Judge, 1994; Earley & Lituchy, 1991; Gardner & Pierce, 1998; Riggs & Knight, 1994; Schaubroeck & Merritt, 1997; Smith & Foti, 1998).

The General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSE) is a 17-item self-report instrument that measures perceived self-efficacy. Internal consistency reliability for the SGSE scale in organizational research has been moderate to high (alpha = .76 to .89) (e.g., Cable & Judge, 1994; Earley & Lituchy, 1991; Gardner & Pierce, 1998; Riggs & Knight, 1994; Schaubroeck & Merritt, 1997; Smith & Foti, 1998).

The General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSE) is a 17-item self-report instrument that measures perceived self-efficacy. Internal consistency reliability for the SGSE scale in organizational research has been moderate to high (alpha = .76 to .89) (e.g., Cable & Judge, 1994; Earley & Lituchy, 1991; Gardner & Pierce, 1998; Riggs & Knight, 1994; Schaubroeck & Merritt, 1997; Smith & Foti, 1998).

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a 10-item self-report instrument that measures postnatal depression. A review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Depression Scale suggest the EPDS has high sensitivity and specificity (Eberhard-Gran et al., 2001). Other research supports its concurrent and predictive validity and Cronbach's alpha of between .82-.84 (Bergink et al., 2011).

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a 10-item self-report instrument that measures postnatal depression. A review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Depression Scale suggest the EPDS has high sensitivity and specificity (Eberhard-Gran et al., 2001). Other research supports its concurrent and predictive validity and Cronbach's alpha of between .82-.84 (Bergink et al., 2011).

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a 10-item self-report instrument that measures postnatal depression. A review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Depression Scale suggest the EPDS has high sensitivity and specificity (Eberhard-Gran et al., 2001). Other research supports its concurrent and predictive validity and Cronbach's alpha of between .82-.84 (Bergink et al., 2011).

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a 10-item self-report instrument that measures postnatal depression. A review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Depression Scale suggest the EPDS has high sensitivity and specificity (Eberhard-Gran et al., 2001). Other research supports its concurrent and predictive validity and Cronbach's alpha of between .82-.84 (Bergink et al., 2011).

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 is a 9-item self-report instrument that measures depression. The PHQ-9 has high criterion validity (.88 sensitivity, .88 specificity) and reliability of .86-.89 (Kroenke et al., 2021).

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 is a 9-item self-report instrument that measures depression. The PHQ-9 has high criterion validity (.88 sensitivity, .88 specificity) and reliability of .86-.89 (Kroenke et al., 2021).

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 is a 9-item self-report instrument that measures depression. The PHQ-9 has high criterion validity (.88 sensitivity, .88 specificity) and reliability of .86-.89 (Kroenke et al., 2021).

The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 is a 9-item self-report instrument that measures depression. The PHQ-9 has high criterion validity (.88 sensitivity, .88 specificity) and reliability of .86-.89 (Kroenke et al., 2021).

The GAD-7 screens for and is a symptom severity measure for four of the most common anxiety disorders. Spitzer et al.,(2006) describe strong support of the GAD-7: "Studies with the GAD indicate that the internal consistency of the GAD-7 is excellent (Cronbach α = .92). Test-retest reliability is also good (intraclass correlation = 0.83). Comparison of scores derived from the self-report scales with those derived from the MHP-administered versions of the same scales yielded similar results (intraclass correlation = 0.83), indicating good procedural validity. As the cut point increases, sensitivity decreases and specificity increases in a continuous fashion. At a cut point of 10 or greater, sensitivity and specificity exceed 0.80, and sensitivity is nearly maximized. The GAD-7 also has strong construct validity. There is a strong association between increasing GAD-7 severity scores and worsening function on all 6 SF-20 scales."

The GAD-7 screens for and is a symptom severity measure for four of the most common anxiety disorders. Spitzer et al.,(2006) describe strong support of the GAD-7: "Studies with the GAD indicate that the internal consistency of the GAD-7 is excellent (Cronbach α = .92). Test-retest reliability is also good (intraclass correlation = 0.83). Comparison of scores derived from the self-report scales with those derived from the MHP-administered versions of the same scales yielded similar results (intraclass correlation = 0.83), indicating good procedural validity. As the cut point increases, sensitivity decreases and specificity increases in a continuous fashion. At a cut point of 10 or greater, sensitivity and specificity exceed 0.80, and sensitivity is nearly maximized. The GAD-7 also has strong construct validity. There is a strong association between increasing GAD-7 severity scores and worsening function on all 6 SF-20 scales."

The GAD-7 screens for and is a symptom severity measure for four of the most common anxiety disorders. Spitzer et al.,(2006) describe strong support of the GAD-7: "Studies with the GAD indicate that the internal consistency of the GAD-7 is excellent (Cronbach α = .92). Test-retest reliability is also good (intraclass correlation = 0.83). Comparison of scores derived from the self-report scales with those derived from the MHP-administered versions of the same scales yielded similar results (intraclass correlation = 0.83), indicating good procedural validity. As the cut point increases, sensitivity decreases and specificity increases in a continuous fashion. At a cut point of 10 or greater, sensitivity and specificity exceed 0.80, and sensitivity is nearly maximized. The GAD-7 also has strong construct validity. There is a strong association between increasing GAD-7 severity scores and worsening function on all 6 SF-20 scales."

The GAD-7 screens for and is a symptom severity measure for four of the most common anxiety disorders. Spitzer et al.,(2006) describe strong support of the GAD-7: "Studies with the GAD indicate that the internal consistency of the GAD-7 is excellent (Cronbach α = .92). Test-retest reliability is also good (intraclass correlation = 0.83). Comparison of scores derived from the self-report scales with those derived from the MHP-administered versions of the same scales yielded similar results (intraclass correlation = 0.83), indicating good procedural validity. As the cut point increases, sensitivity decreases and specificity increases in a continuous fashion. At a cut point of 10 or greater, sensitivity and specificity exceed 0.80, and sensitivity is nearly maximized. The GAD-7 also has strong construct validity. There is a strong association between increasing GAD-7 severity scores and worsening function on all 6 SF-20 scales."

The MSPSS is a 12-item measure of perceived social support from three sources. Internal reliability of the MSPSS is strong using Cronbach's coefficient alphas (.91) (Dahlem et al., 1991).

The MSPSS is a 12-item measure of perceived social support from three sources. Internal reliability of the MSPSS is strong using Cronbach's coefficient alphas (.91) (Dahlem et al., 1991).

The MSPSS is a 12-item measure of perceived social support from three sources. Internal reliability of the MSPSS is strong using Cronbach's coefficient alphas (.91) (Dahlem et al., 1991).

The MSPSS is a 12-item measure of perceived social support from three sources. Internal reliability of the MSPSS is strong using Cronbach's coefficient alphas (.91) (Dahlem et al., 1991).

The SSQ-Short Form is a 6-item measure of social support that measures the number of people available to provide support in 6 different areas. The internal reliability of the short-version is high (.97-.98) (Sarason et al.,1987).

The SSQ-Short Form is a 6-item measure of social support that measures the number of people available to provide support in 6 different areas. The internal reliability of the short-version is high (.97-.98) (Sarason et al.,1987).

The SSQ-Short Form is a 6-item measure of social support that measures the number of people available to provide support in 6 different areas. The internal reliability of the short-version is high (.97-.98) (Sarason et al.,1987).

The SSQ-Short Form is a 6-item measure of social support that measures the number of people available to provide support in 6 different areas. The internal reliability of the short-version is high (.97-.98) (Sarason et al.,1987).

The BCSQ is comprised of 17-items to measure participants perception of lay birth companion support during labor. Research by Dunne et al., (2014) notes internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha is between .66-.76) and content and construct validity of the questionnaire (Dunne et al., 2014).

The BCSQ is comprised of 17-items to measure participants perception of lay birth companion support during labor. Research by Dunne et al., (2014) notes internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha is between .66-.76) and content and construct validity of the questionnaire (Dunne et al., 2014).

The BCSQ is comprised of 17-items to measure participants perception of lay birth companion support during labor. Research by Dunne et al., (2014) notes internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha is between .66-.76) and content and construct validity of the questionnaire (Dunne et al., 2014).

The perceived wellness scale is a 36-item measure designed to assess an individual's own perception of their wellness through physical, spiritual,intellectual, psychological, social and emotional dimensions. Research by Adams (1995) indicates the scale has high factorial, discriminant, convergent and face validity. It also had high consistency (a = .91), and test-retest reliability (r = .73 to .81) (Adams, 1995).

The perceived wellness scale is a 36-item measure designed to assess an individual's own perception of their wellness through physical, spiritual,intellectual, psychological, social and emotional dimensions. Research by Adams (1995) indicates the scale has high factorial, discriminant, convergent and face validity. It also had high consistency (a = .91), and test-retest reliability (r = .73 to .81) (Adams, 1995).

The perceived wellness scale is a 36-item measure designed to assess an individual's own perception of their wellness through physical, spiritual,intellectual, psychological, social and emotional dimensions. Research by Adams (1995) indicates the scale has high factorial, discriminant, convergent and face validity. It also had high consistency (a = .91), and test-retest reliability (r = .73 to .81) (Adams, 1995).

The perceived wellness scale is a 36-item measure designed to assess an individual's own perception of their wellness through physical, spiritual,intellectual, psychological, social and emotional dimensions. Research by Adams (1995) indicates the scale has high factorial, discriminant, convergent and face validity. It also had high consistency (a = .91), and test-retest reliability (r = .73 to .81) (Adams, 1995).

The City Birth Trauma Scale is a 29-item questionnaire developed to measure birth-related PTSD according to DSM-5 criteria of: stressor criteria (A), symptoms of re-experiencing (B), avoidance (C), negative cognitions and mood (D), and hyperarousal (E), as well as duration of symptoms (F), significant distress or impairment (E), and exclusion criteria or other causes (H). It has a high alpha of .92 (Ayers et al., 2018).

The City Birth Trauma Scale is a 29-item questionnaire developed to measure birth-related PTSD according to DSM-5 criteria of: stressor criteria (A), symptoms of re-experiencing (B), avoidance (C), negative cognitions and mood (D), and hyperarousal (E), as well as duration of symptoms (F), significant distress or impairment (E), and exclusion criteria or other causes (H). It has a high alpha of .92 (Ayers et al., 2018).

The City Birth Trauma Scale is a 29-item questionnaire developed to measure birth-related PTSD according to DSM-5 criteria of: stressor criteria (A), symptoms of re-experiencing (B), avoidance (C), negative cognitions and mood (D), and hyperarousal (E), as well as duration of symptoms (F), significant distress or impairment (E), and exclusion criteria or other causes (H). It has a high alpha of .92 (Ayers et al., 2018).

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test(AUDIT) is a 10-item self-report measure that identifies alcohol consumption, drinking behaviors, and alcohol-related problems among adults. As described in a review by Reinert and Allen (2007): Over a broad range of diverse samples and settings the AUDIT has demonstrated a high degree of internal consistency. In a reliability generalization analysis of studies that appeared in 2000 or before, Shields and Caruso (2003) calculated a median reliability of 0.81, with a range of 0.59 to 0.91. Psychometric properties of the AUDIT, such as test-retest reliability and internal consistency, are high.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test(AUDIT) is a 10-item self-report measure that identifies alcohol consumption, drinking behaviors, and alcohol-related problems among adults. As described in a review by Reinert and Allen (2007): Over a broad range of diverse samples and settings the AUDIT has demonstrated a high degree of internal consistency. In a reliability generalization analysis of studies that appeared in 2000 or before, Shields and Caruso (2003) calculated a median reliability of 0.81, with a range of 0.59 to 0.91. Psychometric properties of the AUDIT, such as test-retest reliability and internal consistency, are high.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test(AUDIT) is a 10-item self-report measure that identifies alcohol consumption, drinking behaviors, and alcohol-related problems among adults. As described in a review by Reinert and Allen (2007): Over a broad range of diverse samples and settings the AUDIT has demonstrated a high degree of internal consistency. In a reliability generalization analysis of studies that appeared in 2000 or before, Shields and Caruso (2003) calculated a median reliability of 0.81, with a range of 0.59 to 0.91. Psychometric properties of the AUDIT, such as test-retest reliability and internal consistency, are high.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test(AUDIT) is a 10-item self-report measure that identifies alcohol consumption, drinking behaviors, and alcohol-related problems among adults. As described in a review by Reinert and Allen (2007): Over a broad range of diverse samples and settings the AUDIT has demonstrated a high degree of internal consistency. In a reliability generalization analysis of studies that appeared in 2000 or before, Shields and Caruso (2003) calculated a median reliability of 0.81, with a range of 0.59 to 0.91. Psychometric properties of the AUDIT, such as test-retest reliability and internal consistency, are high.

The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) is a 10- item self-report form used to assess drug use with adults. The following evaluation of the scale is provided by Skinner (1982): The internal consistency reliability estimate was substantial at .92, and a factor analysis of item intercorrelations suggested an unidimensional scale. With respect to response style biases, the DAST was only moderately correlated with social desirability and denial. Concurrent validity was examined by correlating the DAST with background variables, frequency of drug use during the past 12 months, and indices of psychopathology.

The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) is a 10- item self-report form used to assess drug use with adults. The following evaluation of the scale is provided by Skinner (1982): The internal consistency reliability estimate was substantial at .92, and a factor analysis of item intercorrelations suggested an unidimensional scale. With respect to response style biases, the DAST was only moderately correlated with social desirability and denial. Concurrent validity was examined by correlating the DAST with background variables, frequency of drug use during the past 12 months, and indices of psychopathology.

The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) is a 10- item self-report form used to assess drug use with adults. The following evaluation of the scale is provided by Skinner (1982): The internal consistency reliability estimate was substantial at .92, and a factor analysis of item intercorrelations suggested an unidimensional scale. With respect to response style biases, the DAST was only moderately correlated with social desirability and denial. Concurrent validity was examined by correlating the DAST with background variables, frequency of drug use during the past 12 months, and indices of psychopathology.

The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) is a 10- item self-report form used to assess drug use with adults. The following evaluation of the scale is provided by Skinner (1982): The internal consistency reliability estimate was substantial at .92, and a factor analysis of item intercorrelations suggested an unidimensional scale. With respect to response style biases, the DAST was only moderately correlated with social desirability and denial. Concurrent validity was examined by correlating the DAST with background variables, frequency of drug use during the past 12 months, and indices of psychopathology.

The CDC Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)-4 is a 4-item self-report measure of personal health and wellbeing. A large body of research indicates the HRQOL's construct and criterion validity (CDC, 2000) and high retest reliability (.75 or higher) (Andresen et al., 2003).

The CDC Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)-4 is a 4-item self-report measure of personal health and wellbeing. A large body of research indicates the HRQOL's construct and criterion validity (CDC, 2000) and high retest reliability (.75 or higher) (Andresen et al., 2003).

The CDC Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)-4 is a 4-item self-report measure of personal health and wellbeing. A large body of research indicates the HRQOL's construct and criterion validity (CDC, 2000) and high retest reliability (.75 or higher) (Andresen et al., 2003).

The CDC Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)-4 is a 4-item self-report measure of personal health and wellbeing. A large body of research indicates the HRQOL's construct and criterion validity (CDC, 2000) and high retest reliability (.75 or higher) (Andresen et al., 2003).

The core PRAMS questionnaire is a 52-item survey asking questions about behaviors and experiences during pregnancy, labor and the postpartum time period.