Understanding and Treating Severe and Resistant Pathological Aggression: Using Deep Brain Stimulation to Treat Resistant Aggression

Inclusion criteria

• Aged between 18 and 70 inclusive
• Patients who have been in isolation in a secure psychiatric unit for at least 50% of the time over a period of more than 6 months prior to inclusion
• A GAF score <21
• An ICAP score <40
• Other stable medical conditions
• No contraindications to brain imaging (MRI and CT)
• No contraindications to taking medication for travel (loxapine and diazepam)
• No contraindications to surgery
• Adult who has read and understood the information letter and signed the consent form. A psychiatrist, independent of the study and treatment, will examine the patient and determine their ability to read and understand the consent form before signing. If this is not the case, authorisation may be given by the guardianship judge in accordance with Article L. 1111-6.
• An adult assisted by their guardian or by the judge who has read and understood the information letter and signed the consent form (if the patient is under guardianship). If the guardian does not wish to give an opinion or make a decision for the patient, the guardianship judge may be consulted in accordance with Article L1223-1.
• Patients covered by social health insurance (except AME)
• Women of childbearing age (a woman is considered to be of childbearing age, i.e. fertile, after menarche and until she reaches menopause, unless she is permanently infertile) using at least minimally effective contraception (i.e. at least: oral progestogen-only contraception, where inhibition of ovulation is not the primary mode of action, male or female condoms with or without spermicide, diaphragm, diaphragm or sponge with spermicide) for at least 1 month and throughout the study, as well as a negative urinary pregnancy test for β-HCG at inclusion.
• Surgically sterile women (hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy and bilateral oophorectomy)
• Menopausal women: Post-menopausal status is defined as the absence of menstruation for 12 months without any other medical cause. Elevated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in the post-menopausal interval may be used to confirm post-menopausal status in women who are not using hormonal contraception or hormone replacement therapy. However, in the absence of 12 months of amenorrhoea, a single FSH measurement is insufficient.

For schizophrenic patients

• All previous treatments have failed, including the combination of clozapine (for at least 6 months with clozapine levels > 350 ng/mL) + ECT (minimum 20 sessions)
• Have had at least two clozapine potentiations among the following: lithium, valproic acid, beta-blockers, other antipsychotics.

For ASD patients with or without intellectual disability

• All recommended psychoeducational measures must have been attempted with failure of the following treatments: risperidone, aripiprazole, clozapine, naltrexone, beta-blockers given for at least three months at the maximum tolerated dose.

Exclusion criteria

• Minors
• Contraindications to surgery and anaesthesia
• Contraindications to the use of the Medical Device (diathermy, certain magnetic resonance imaging procedures, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), (see section 'Contraindications' in the 'Information for Prescribers' manual for the implanted neurostimulator)
• Contraindications to MRI and CT scans (cardiac or neural pacemakers, ferromagnetic surgical clips, implants and metallic objects, intraocular foreign bodies, pregnancy, claustrophobia, cardiac or neural pacemakers, ferromagnetic surgical clips, implants and metallic objects, intraocular foreign bodies, etc.)
• Other medical problems interfering with the protocol and surgery
• Pregnant women