Type 2 Diabetes Affect Exercise Induced Improvement in Insulin Sensitivity

A family history of T2D (FH+) is a risk factor for developing insulin resistance (which precedes T2D) and T2D (Ryder et al., 2003). Exercise training on the other hand has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and is highly effective to prevent/manage T2D. However it is not known if early signs of insulin resistance appear before being clinically diagnosed and if the benefits of exercise which prevent/cure T2D, are limited to the offspring of Hispanic T2D parents. Therefore, the proposed study will determine 1) if normoglycemic (normal blood glucose) offspring of T2D parents are insulin resistant, using the gold standard method to measure insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility (ability to switch between carbohydrate and fat oxidation) 2) if 8 weeks of exercise training improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility to the same extent in FH+ compared to normoglycemic offspring of parents without any history of T2D (FH-) and 3) if 8 weeks of exercise training will change the blood, lipid and molecular profiles relevant to insulin sensitivity to same extent in FH+ compared to offspring of parents without family history of T2D (FH-). This study will also determine how differently individuals with prediabetes response to exercise compared to those with normal glucose and further investigate sex differences in cardiometabolic response to exercise training.

Inclusion criteria

• Sedentary/moderately active lifestyle
• Less than 150 minutes/wk. of structured exercise
• Physical activity level ≤ 1.4

Exclusion criteria

• Evidence of significant cardiovascular disease
• Screening blood pressure >140/90
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding
• Use of drugs affecting energy metabolism or body weight
• Excess alcohol, drug abuse, and smoking
• Eating disorder or eating attitudes interfering with study
• Excessively or active individuals
• Unwillingness to abide by randomization
• Injury that prevents the performance of exercise